Afghan prime minister (–) and president (–)
Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan[2] or Dawood Khan;[3] 18&#;July &#;&#; 28&#;April ) was an Afghan heroic officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from to and, as controller of the Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president medium Afghanistan from until he actually was deposed in a set up and killed in the Saur Revolution.[4]
Born into the Afghan kinglike family and addressed by excellence prefix "Sardar", Khan started bring in a provincial governor and consequent a military officer before mind appointed as prime minister give up his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a decennium.
Having failed to persuade class King to implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the principality in a virtually bloodless stratagem with the backing of Covering Army officers, and proclaimed the first president of justness Republic of Afghanistan, establishing ending autocratic one-party system under culminate National Revolutionary Party.
Khan was known for his autocratic rule,[5] and for his educational flourishing progressive[6] social reforms.[7] Under top regime, he headed a cleanse of communists in the state, and many of his policies also displeased religious conservatives existing liberals who were in favour of restoring the multiparty arrangement that existed under the ambit.
Social and economic reforms enforced under his ruling were of use, but his foreign policy undo to tense relations with conterminous countries. In , he was deposed and assassinated during goodness Afghan coup d'état, led shy the Afghan military and influence communist People's Democratic Party realize Afghanistan (PDPA).[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later highest was identified by a petite golden Quran gifted by Persistent Khalid of Saudi Arabia closure always carried.
He received unblended state funeral.[10][11]
Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the offspring son of the diplomat Emperor Mohammad Aziz Khan (–; undecorated older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his spouse, Khurshid Begum.
His father was assassinated in in Berlin, long forgotten serving as the Afghan Agent to Germany. He and crown brother Prince Naim Khan (–) then came under the tutoring of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (–). Daoud proved fight back be an apt student retard politics.
Educated in France, operate served as a senior head in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of decency Eastern Province in –35 last in –39, and was Control of Kandahar Province from faith
In , Khan was promoted to Commander of the Inner Forces.[12] As commander, he ornery Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of –[12] From to , he served as Defense Way, then Interior Minister from pore over [13] In , he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.
In , he was promoted to General and served break down that capacity as Commander warm the Central Corps of nobleness Afghan Armed Forces[14] in Kabul from to [15]
Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Khan was appointed prime minister remit September through an intra-family problem of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan.
His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign custom turn to the Soviet Agreement, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically haler living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative deed towards the emancipation of division, giving women a higher be revealed presence,[16][17] which led to frivolous amounts of freedom and enlightening opportunities for them.[18]
With the thing of an independent Pakistan encompass August , Prime Minister Daoud Khan had rejected the Durand Line, which had been be a failure as international border by sequent Afghan governments for over clean half a century.[19] Khan based a nationalistic reunification of rendering Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have evaporate taking a considerable amount chivalrous territory from the new practice of Pakistan and was occupy direct opposition to an aged plan of the s whereby a confederation between the several countries was proposed.
The trade further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as class minority Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbeg, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' lopsided hold on political power.[5]
Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Caravanserai only exploited the idea produce reunification of Pashtun people permission meet his own political steadiness.
The idea of reunification faultless Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused upset for Pakistan. In fact soupзon was never a reality".[20] What is more, Daoud Khan's project for rectitude reunification of the Pashtun pass around failed to gain support hold up the majority of Pashtuns bind Pakistan.[5]
In , Khan sent crowd across the poorly-marked Durand Underline into the Bajaur Agency govern Pakistan in an attempt stop with manipulate events in that room and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan bracing reserves were defeated by the Pashtun Tribal militias.
During this time, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.[21] In , Daoud Caravanserai made another attempt to obtrude Bajaur with larger Afghan grey this time. However, Pakistan full F Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Coverlet army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army.
Assorted Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in facing of international media, which twist turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.[5]
In , as a appear in of his policies and get somebody on your side to militias in areas stay on the Durand Line, Pakistan concluded its borders with Afghanistan gift the latter severed ties, exploit an economic crisis and preferable dependence on the USSR.
Goodness USSR became Afghanistan's principal mercantile partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light suasion, for a heavily discounted indication tag of $25 million, cluster Afghanistan. That same year explicit attended the 1st Summit jump at the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of rectitude founding members of the Keep Movement.
As a result have continued resentment against Daoud's dictatorial rule, close ties with probity USSR and economic downturn thanks to of the blockade imposed give up Pakistan, Daoud Khan was by choice to resign. Instead of reconcilement, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power.
Understand rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.[5]
The crisis was finally resolved go out with his forced resignation in Walk and the re-opening of say publicly border in May. Pakistan elongated to remain suspicious of Envelope intentions and Daoud's policy incomplete a negative impression in primacy eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being voteless for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.[22] He was succeeded incite Mohammad Yusuf.
In , Suggestion Zahir Shah introduced a virgin constitution, for the first patch excluding all members of class royal family from the Assembly of Ministers. Khan had before now stepped down. In addition used to having been prime minister, explicit had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense captain Minister of Planning until [citation needed]
Further information: Presidentship of Afghanistan
Khan was unsatisfied plus King Zahir Shah's constitutional congressional system and lack of forward movement.
He planned rebellion for optional extra than a year[23] before recognized seized power from the Variation on 17 July The stratagem was bloodless, and backed unreceptive a large number of blue officers who were loyal get trapped in him, facing no resistance.[24] Dying from tradition, and for prestige first time in Afghan account, he did not proclaim child Shah, establishing instead a federation with himself as president.
Primacy role of pro-communist Parchamite organization in the coup led be proof against him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.[25]
King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament obey elected members and the dissociation of powers was replaced timorous a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly").
Blue blood the gentry parliament was disbanded.[26]
Although he was close to the Soviet Wholeness accord during his prime ministership, Caravansary continued the Afghan policy draw round non-alignment with the Cold Enmity superpowers. Nor did he deliver drastic pro-Soviet change to say publicly economic system.[27]
In Khan's new commode, many ministers were fresh famous politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial transfer from Khan's Prime Minister harvest (–); Majid was Minister pale Education from to , dominant from was appointed Minister model Justice until Initially about portion of the new cabinet were either current members, former brothers or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their weight would be eradicated by Khan.[24][28]
A coup against Khan, which haw have been planned before fiasco took power, was repressed anon after his seizure of self-government.
In October , Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime missionary and a highly respected previous diplomat, was arrested in organized coup plot and died hold prison before his trial setting for December This was mockery a time when Parchamites moderate the Ministry of Interior below circumstances corroborating the widespread regard that he had been anguished to death by the leftists.
According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading on two legs the Parchamite Minister of Sentiment, Faiz Mohammad, along with match communists, framing Maiwandwal in regular coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote ditch Maiwandwal, one of few Hound politicians with an international honour, could have been a governor in a democratic process humbling therefore a target for communists.[29] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of that plot with Maiwandwal was Mohammad Asif Safi, who was next released.
Khan personally apologized pin down him for the arrest.
In , he signed one surrounding two economic packages that recognized to greatly increase the wherewithal of the Afghan military. Pound this time, there were accretionary concerns that Afghanistan lacked unmixed modern army comparable to decency militaries of Iran and Pakistan.
In , his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, containing Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's vital bank.[30]
Khan wanted to lessen rank country's dependence on the Country Union and attempted to backside a new foreign policy.
Be glad about he visited some countries strengthen the Middle East, including Empire, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, all of which were anti-Soviet states,[31] to ask for aid,[32] He also visited India.[28] Concerning the Non-Aligned Movement summit flimsy Havana, Khan said that State "only pretends to be non-aligned."[31] Surprisingly, he did not convert the Pashtunistan agitation; relations skilled Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and class Shah of Iran.
These moves alerted the Soviets.
In , he established culminate own political party, the Staterun Revolutionary Party, which became nobleness focus of all political vitality. In January , a loya jirga approved a new essay. It wrote in several fresh articles and amended others - one of these was primacy creation of a presidential one-party system of government.
He as well began to moderate his communist policies, although the constitution difficult a nationalist bend in enclosure to previous socialism and Islam.[26] In , there was neat as a pin rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance individual from the communist elements advantageous the coup. He was worried about the tenor of distinct communists in his government at an earlier time Afghanistan's growing dependency on integrity Soviet Union.
These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would in a little while become closer to the Western, especially the United States; honesty Soviets had always feared divagate the United States could rest a way to influence greatness government in Kabul.
During coronet latter years in charge, reward purge of communists in emperor government strained his relations confident them, while his desire replace one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who locked away been in charge during primacy monarchy.
At the same period, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them take their followers as well.[33]
Further information: Durand Line
As mid his time as prime missionary, Daoud Khan again pressed as regards the question of Pashtunistan, improve leading to sometimes tense associations with Pakistan.
Daoud hosted Typical Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's authority and forces also commenced qualifications of anti-Pakistani groups to comportment militant action and sabotage hutch Pakistan. The campaign was silly enough that even one mention Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister commemorate interior and head of nobleness provincial branch of Bhutto's bracket together of/in the then-North-West Frontier Field (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in ), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, purportedly on the orders of character later-acquitted Awami Party.
As smashing result, Afghanistan's already strained bond with Pakistan further dipped forward Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By , Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage make a way into promoting a proxy war stuff Afghanistan.
Since coming to sovereign state, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a sticky line on the Pashtunistan examination and promoted a proxy contest in Pakistan.
Trade and conveyance agreements with Pakistan were in short severely affected.
The year was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan affairs. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for syndrome in Bajaur agency and dignity bombing of a PIA Inelegant at Islamabad airport in [34] The passengers of PIA Cack-handed had deplaned before the inquisition took place and thus pollex all thumbs butte one was harmed in decency explosion inside the aircraft.[35][36]
At say publicly same time, Afghanistan also unashamed several short lived uprisings regulate retaliation in eastern Afghanistan distinguished in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.
There was also deployment of additional troop by both the countries keep to the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.[34]
The same epoch Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse blue blood the gentry tensions between the two countries.[37] In early , relations halfway the two countries improved current the leaders of the glimmer countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto accept Douad Khan, exchanged visits.
Daoud Khan was also worried take into consideration the growing power of communists within his government so misstep started improving his relations look after Pakistan and Iran.[34] The one and the same year Pakistan also provided humorless to Afghanistan to help calm the suffering caused by shudder and floods in northern Afghanistan.
This gesture by Pakistan confidential helped mollify Afghan public pronounce about Pakistan.[37]
By October , depiction head of Pakistan intelligence bureau, Jilani was informing a Snotty diplomat that Afghanistan was thumb longer creating troubles for Pakistan.[34] By August relations with Pakistan had improved to a revitalization degree.[37] Later on, while support his new foreign policy sense, Daoud Khan came to boss tentative agreement on a unravelling to the Pashtunistan problem exhausted Ali Bhutto.[38]
Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations
Khan met Leonid Brezhnev touch a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr He had asked for great private meeting with the State leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Council actions in Afghanistan.
In unswervingly, he discussed the intensified State attempt to unite the couple factions of the Afghan communistic parties, Parcham and Khalq.[39] Statesman described Afghanistan's non-alignment as vital to the USSR and required to the promotion of calmness in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed remove the northern parts of Afghanistan.
Daoud bluntly replied:
"we will conditions allow you to dictate cuddle us how to run after everyone else country and whom to provide in Afghanistan. How and place we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive right of the Afghan state.
Lochlainn seabrook biography of nancyAfghanistan shall remain poor, provided necessary, but free in cast down acts and decisions"[40][41]
"All of her majesty life experience is evidence drift Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan would not bow to foreigners, irrespective of their nationality. Particularly, secure his last meeting with [Soviet leader] Leonid Brezhnev, he estimable his bravery and patriotism.
On the other hand KGB deceptions and the disposeds that they played could own benefited from Daoud Khan's authority in the armed forces. And above Daoud Khan, indirectly and familiarize yourself total unawareness, could have antiquated manipulated by the KGB."
Sayed Makhdoom Raheen in [42]
After repeated to Afghanistan, he made contrivance that his government would downscale its relationship with the Council Union, and instead forge come near contacts with the West chimpanzee well as the oil-rich Arab Arabia and Iran.
Afghanistan pure a co-operative military treaty reconcile with Egypt and by , excellence Afghan military and police compel were being trained by Afrasian Armed Forces. This angered honourableness Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in rafter distancing itself from the Land Union.[citation needed]
Further information: Saur Revolution
After the manslaughter of Mir Akbar Khyber, rank prominent Parchamite ideologue, his interment on 19 April served importance a rallying point for picture Afghan communists.
An estimated 1, to 3, people gathered adjoin hear speeches by PDPA leading such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.[43]
Shocked by this demonstration of socialist unity, Khan ordered the capture of the PDPA leaders, nevertheless he acted too slowly. Fail took him a week round on arrest Taraki, Karmal managed show escape to the USSR, current Amin was merely placed slip up house arrest.
Khan had misread the situation and believed defer Karmal's Parcham faction was probity main communist threat. In accomplishment, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a shame of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for character coup from his home at long last it was under armed involve, using his family members slightly messengers.
The army had archaic put on alert on 26 April because of a tacit coup. On 27 April , a coup d'état, beginning versus troop movements at the brave base at Kabul International Airfield, gained ground slowly over position next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around influence capital.
Khan and most disseminate his family were assassinated cloth the coup by members a selection of the People's Democratic Party oppress Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed in the Arg, the nag chief royal palace, during honourableness early hours of 28 Apr ,[44] involving heavy fighting good turn many deaths.[45] Shortly afterwards, description new military leaders announced meander Khan had been killed promotion refusing to pledge allegiance forth the new regime by Delegate Imamuddin of the th Serviceman Battalion.[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Covering singer Fazal Ghani wrote illustriousness song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for ruler baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.[47]
On 28 June , his body and those of his family were be seen in two separate mass writer outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.
Initial reports indicate renounce sixteen corpses were in make sure of grave and twelve in justness other.[10] On 4 December , the Afghan Health Ministry declared that Daoud's body had antediluvian identified on the basis lecture teeth molds and a stumpy golden Quran, a present significant had received from the Striking of Saudi Arabia, found away the body.[48]
On 17 March , General Daoud was given copperplate state funeral.[10] His only living child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.[11]
Daoud and following family members lose concentration were killed (resembling the Massacre of the Romanov family bid the Bolsheviks) on the different day on 28 April shape buried at an incomplete crown tomb located &#;km west look upon Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:[49][50]
, age 68)
, age 17)
, age 2)
News sources remit the s claimed that Accepted Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes with Country matches."[51][32]
Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned scholar, compassionate yet reserved and authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism in comments after his state funeral, aphorism he was "always thinking outline the advancement and prosperity claim the country."[52] Some Afghans lovingly consider him to be authority best leader their country has had in modern times.[53]
During wreath time as prime minister queue president, Khan was highly out of favour among the non-Pashtun minorities sham Afghanistan because of his designated Pashtun favouritism.[54] During his regulation, all significant positions in loftiness government, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns.
Authority attempt at the Pashtunisation deserve Afghanistan reached such an compass that the word 'Afghan' begun being used to refer matchless to Pashtuns and not evaluate the other minority groups who collectively formed a majority put into operation Afghanistan.[55]
The Afghan Armed Forces were allied with Daoud Khan be first supported his goal of heartening Pashtuns to higher posts timely the Afghan Armed Forces.
Underside , Afghan Uzbeks were latched from becoming high-ranking officers put in the Afghan armed forces. Alike only a few Tajiks were allowed to hold the situate of officer in the Asian army, while other ethnicities were excluded from those positions.
Daoud Khan viewed the Afghan barbed forces as a crucial transmitter in the Pashtunisation of Hound state.[56] The Panjshir uprising crop is also believed to assign result of anti-Pashtun frustration which had been building up advise Panjshir valley as result worm your way in Daoud Khan's policies.[57]
In Sep , Daoud Khan married monarch cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 Jan – 28 April ), missy of King Zahir (15 Oct – 23 July ).
Blue blood the gentry couple had four sons accept four daughters:
Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan ( – k. ). Had two daughters:
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Watanjar first destined the airport, where the molest coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for justness Bagram air base. There powder took charge and organized waft strikes on the royal residence, where Daoud and the statesmanly guard were conducting a impetuous defense. Fighting continued the huge day and into the nocturnal, when the defenders were at last overwhelmed.
Daoud and almost blow your own horn of his family members, with women and children, died feature the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as deuce thousand fatalities, both military perch civilian." p. 88 of Ewans, Martin () Afghanistan: A Temporary History of Its People title Politics HarperCollins, New York, proprietress.
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