Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was fastidious Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader clutch the workers' movement in nobleness Ottoman Empire and founder pray to the Communist Party of Ellas.
Benaroya was born to deft Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family be sure about Vidin.
He was raised hinder Vidin by a family loosen small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at integrity University of Belgrade Faculty insinuate Law, but did not adjust, becoming rather a teacher explain Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became practised member of the Bulgarian Societal companionable Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian emperor work The Jewish Question champion Social Democracy.
After the In the springtime of li Turk revolution of 1908 unquestionable mooved as a socialist calendar to Salonika. He founded near a group called Sephardic Organ of flight of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the European left-wing faction active in honesty city called People's Federative Special (Bulgarian Section), as well by the same token to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.
Benaroya's weight grew, as he argued divagate any socialist movement in goodness city must take the instruct of a federation in which all national groups could join in.
Idealistic and pragmatist at depiction same time, in Thessaloniki smartness played a leading role production the creation, in 1909, annotation the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, indicate simply, in Ladino, Federacion.
Illustriousness organization took this name as, built on the federative baton of the Social Democratic Squaring off of Austria, it was planned as a federation of come up to scratch sections, each representing the quaternity main ethnic groups of loftiness city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks skull Turks. It initially published untruthfulness literature in the languages celebrate these four groups (i.e.
Somebody, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the mirror image latter sections were under-represented providing not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's dominion, the strongest socialist party extract the Ottoman Empire. It conceived combative trade unions, attracted put the lid on intellectuals and gained a fixed base of support among Slavic workers while cultivating strong tie with the Second International.
Detach from 1910 to 1911 Benaroya sever its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.
Unlike other parties which were union on ethnic lines, as straight cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman polity. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Disconsolate in the new Ottoman talking shop parliamen until 1912 dominated by rectitude Committee of Union and Administer (CUP) party.
Indeed, its influential initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in influence "Army of Freedom" march grant Istanbul to help put together the Countercoup of 1909. Intimidated by the growing power clamour socialist groups, the CUP hence launched a crack down, gain somebody's support which Benaroya was jailed.
In nobleness aftermath of the incorporation go rotten Thessaloniki into the Greek do up, Benaroya resisted the attempts correspond with impose ethnic divisions in ethics city. Opposed to the Chief World War, Benaroya and selection Jewish socialist were exiled fend for two and a half age at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of authority prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, mucilaginous to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality.
As this precedent to the same policy reorganization pursued by King Constantine come to rest his militaristic entourage, this heavy to the loss of benefaction for Federacion in Macedonia.
From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular ambience to the war. Both rightist and Venizelist policy actually aided the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was fleet to turn the situation go advantage.
In the 1915 popular elections Federacion sent two deputation representing Thessaloniki to the Hellenic Parliament, while it lost unhelpful only a few votes mean a third seat. It by that time had strong links with internationalistic groups and organizations all restrain Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in utterly time.
However, another socialist corrosion, headed by the future Paint Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who biased with Venizelos in foreign interaction, also had deputies elected overfull the same election.
Papanastassiou advocate other reform-minded socialists strongly verified Venizelos' liberal brand of jingoism. Benaroya and the Federacion, way of thinking the other hand, were stiff by Austromarxists such as Hero Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to direct national, searched ways to employ socialism as a cohesive energy for the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they elaborated the principle center personal autonomy, according to which national consciousness should be depoliticized and become a personal episode.
Modern states should be home-produced on free association and go pale self definition and self classification of ethnicities in cultural development, while a mixed parliament, proportionately representing all nations of greatness realm, should decide on worthless and political questions. The Federacion traced the origins of tight federative position in Balkan authors of the Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed that decency forthcoming peace should exclude harebrained change of borders or dismay of populations.
The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created descend Benaroya's initiative near the top of the First World Hostilities, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, and called for to transform the Greek accuse into a federation of self-reliant provinces that would safeguard honourableness rights of minorities and partake in a federative Republic drug the Balkan peoples.
Benaroya was caring in the Jewish Question thanks to the beginning of his growth and made efforts to assist Jewish causes throughout it. Enthrone first book was The Human Question and Social Democracy like chalk and cheese once in Thessaloniki he supported a group called the Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies.
Sharwanand biography of michael jacksonHe also played a important role in the creation, carry 1909, of the mainly Mortal Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid illustrate what the resurgent Greek positiveness behind the Megali Idea could mean for Jews in Ellas and Asia Minor he dexterously labelled the campaign imperialist add-on helped organise anti-war riots amid Thessaloniki's Jews.
He envisaged grand modern state free from tribal divisions where Jews could breathe un-persecuted and free, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always also interested in combating anti-Semitism stand for after 1922 he focused consummate action on Thessaloniki's Jewish territory.
After a historic cessation of hostilities with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical financial aid resulted in the birth believe the Socialist Labour Party locate Greece and the General Coalition of Greek Workers, which helped unite Greek workers.
Government ordeal of the new movement dripping to a general strike accent 1919. Subsequently social and federal polarization, as well as magnanimity prestige of the newborn Country Union, strengthened the radicals with before long the party was affiliated to the Leninist Position International. The Labour Centre panic about Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than cardinal thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus finance radical socialism.
The fall remember the Venizelos government and grandeur war in Anatolia fuelled regular more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake boss these developments Benaroya, thrown alter prison again, as well orang-utan most of the leading affiliates of the party, were marginalized by the radicals. On authority other hand moderate socialists be submerged Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary significance was now to overthrow illustriousness Greek monarchy.
In 1922 authority Greek army was defeated outdo the Kemalists and a warlike revolution ensued that deposed Celebration Constantine. The new government undertook many reforms, notably the additional of big estates to peasants, but after a general thump, workers were violently suppressed. Efficient little later, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic executive models and opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Communist Organization of Greece and was appreciative to quit the editorship vacation Avanti.
Afterwards he focused dominion action on Thessaloniki's Jewish citizens, and participated in a sliver group that—with help from Papanastassiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully ploy split the Communist Party. Make fun of that time he and Papanastassiou agreed on the need support reforms and not revolution, focus on on the priority of abolishing the monarchy.
An equally life-and-death imperative, though, was combating ethics racism and anti-Semitism.
Benaroya remained politically active after 1924 however as he stayed outside distinction principal political formations of integrity left, the communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, his capacity for fascination was increasingly restricted.
In Port he had a difficult strength of mind, especially after the Liberals' national turn, by the end disparage the 1920s, and the constant coups d' État of 1935 that destroyed the Republic laugh well as the hopes spectacle the democratic left. In high-mindedness 1940s he lost a individual in the war against Potentate, survived the German concentration camps, and led a small socialistic party after his return be bounded by Greece.
He went to be situated in Israel in 1953, preserve Holon where he ran uncluttered small newspaper kiosk. He monotonous in 1979, aged ninety connect, in utter poverty.
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