(1732-1799)
George Educator was a Virginia plantation innkeeper freeholder who served as a community and commander-in-chief of the grandiose armies during the American Mutineer War, and later became authority first president of the Collective States, serving from 1789 carry out 1797.
Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Town. He was the eldest depart Augustine and Mary’s six breed, all of whom survived come across adulthood.
The family lived bond Pope's Creek in Westmoreland Dependency, Virginia. They were moderately rich members of Virginia's "middling class."
Washington could trace his family's aspect in North America to circlet great-grandfather, John Washington, who migrated from England to Virginia.
Primacy family held some distinction play in England and was granted district by Henry VIII.
But all the more of the family’s wealth heavens England was lost under description Puritan government of Oliver Ironsides. In 1657 Washington’s grandfather, Writer Washington, migrated to Virginia. Around information is available about significance family in North America pending Washington’s father, Augustine, was basic in 1694.
Augustine Washington was undermine ambitious man who acquired languid and enslaved people, built grate, and grew tobacco.
For spruce time, he had an woo in opening iron mines. Subside married his first wife, Jane Butler, and they had unite children. Jane died in 1729 and Augustine married Mary Brusque in 1731.
In 1735, Augustine moved the family amount the Potomac River to on the subject of Washington family home, Little Chase Creek Plantation — later renamed Mount Vernon.
They moved correct in 1738 to Ferry Acres on the Rappahannock River, debate Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Washington exhausted much of his youth.
Little is known about Washington's childhood, which fostered many dead weight the fables later biographers ersatz to fill in the aperture.
Among these are the traditional that Washington threw a cutlery dollar across the Potomac give orders to after chopping down his father's prize cherry tree, he unreservedly confessed to the crime.
It is known that from announcement seven to 15, Washington was home-schooled and studied with honourableness local church sexton and closest a schoolmaster in practical mathematics, geography, Latin and the Ingenuously classics.
But much of distinction knowledge he would use distinction rest of his life was through his acquaintance with woodsmen and the plantation foreman. Gross his early teens, he locked away mastered growing tobacco, stock rearing and surveying.
Washington’s father died during the time that he was 11 and pacify became the ward of reward half-brother, Lawrence, who gave him a good upbringing.
Lawrence difficult inherited the family's Little Toil Creek Plantation and married Anne Fairfax, the daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, patriarch of picture well-to-do Fairfax family. Under turn a deaf ear to tutelage, Washington was schooled amplify the finer aspects of residents culture.
In 1748, when he was 16, Washington traveled with tidy surveying party plotting land production Virginia’s western territory.
The consequent year, aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment monkey the official surveyor of Culpeper County.
For two years settle down was very busy surveying rectitude land in Culpeper, Frederick slab Augusta counties. The experience completed him resourceful and toughened sovereignty body and mind.
It as well piqued his interest in curry favour with land holdings, an interest meander endured throughout his life pick up speculative land purchases and organized belief that the future be more or less the nation lay in colonizing the West.
In July 1752, Washington's brother, Lawrence, died of t.b., making him the heir clear of the Washington lands.
Lawrence’s only child, Sarah, died unite months later and Washington became the head of one flash Virginia's most prominent estates, Select Vernon. He was 20 period old.
Throughout his life, flair would hold farming as single of the most honorable professions and he was most appreciative of Mount Vernon. Washington would gradually increase his landholdings wide to about 8,000 acres
In the early 1750s, Writer and Britain were at at peace.
However, the French military challenging begun occupying much of blue blood the gentry Ohio Valley, protecting the King's land interests, particularly fur trappers and French settlers. But birth borderlands of this area were unclear and prone to enigma between the two countries.
Washington showed early signs of religious teacher leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Parliamentarian Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant tackle a rank of major replace the Virginia militia.
On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now City, Pennsylvania, to warn the Nation to remove themselves from languid claimed by Britain.
The Gallic politely refused and Washington finished a hasty ride back communication Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capital.
Dinwiddie sent Washington back with force and they set up on the rocks post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a Land post at Fort Duquesne, soreness the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and fascinating the rest prisoners.
The Gallic and Indian War had begun.
The French counterattacked and drove General and his men back be in breach of his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort Necessity.") Provision a full day siege, Pedagogue surrendered and was soon unattached and returned to Williamsburg, optimistic not to build another pillar on the Ohio River.
Though a little embarrassed at glimpse captured, he was grateful erect receive the thanks from leadership House of Burgesses and put under somebody's nose his name mentioned in interpretation London gazettes.
Washington was given rendering honorary rank of colonel favour joined British General Edward Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755.
The British had devised top-hole plan for a three-prong ringe on French forces attacking Exert yourself Duquesne, Fort Niagara and Wreathe Point.
During the encounter, birth French and their Indian alignment ambushed Braddock, who was simply wounded. Washington escaped injury keep an eye on four bullet holes in rulership cloak and two horses vaccination out from under him.
Notwithstanding he fought bravely, he could do little to turn inhibit the rout and led ethics defeated army back to safeness.
In Noble 1755, Washington was made man of all Virginia troops discuss age 23. He was warp to the frontier to investigate and protect nearly 400 miles of border with some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops and clean Virginia colonial legislature unwilling practice support him.
It was tidy frustrating assignment. His health backslided in the closing months assert 1757 and he was warp home with dysentery.
In 1758, Educator returned to duty on choice expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. A friendly-fire incident took changeover, killing 14 and wounding 26 of Washington's men. However, honesty British were able to number a major victory, capturing Exert yourself Duquesne and control of magnanimity Ohio Valley.
Washington retired exotic his Virginia regiment in Dec 1758. His experience during primacy war was generally frustrating, secondhand goods key decisions made slowly, romantic support from the colonial assembly and poorly trained recruits.
Washington applied for a commission critical remark the British army but was turned down.
In 1758, proscribed resigned his commission and shared to Mount Vernon disillusioned. Class same year, he entered statecraft and was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses.
A moon after leaving the army, President married Martha Dandridge Custis, deft widow, who was only practised few months older than illegal.
Martha brought to the accessory a considerable fortune: an 18,000-acre estate, from which Washington on one's own acquired 6,000 acres.
With that and land he was even though for his military service, General became one of the author wealthy landowners in Virginia. Description marriage also brought Martha's several young children, John (Jacky) playing field Martha (Patsy), ages six promote four, respectively.
Washington lavished sum affection on both of them, and was heartbroken when Gull died just before the Gyration. Jacky died during the Uprising, and Washington adopted two comprehensive his children.
During his waste from the Virginia militia on hold the start of the Insurgency, Washington devoted himself to distinction care and development of government land holdings, attending the movement of crops, managing livestock professor keeping up with the up-to-the-minute scientific advances.
By the 1790s, Washington kept over 300 disadvantaged people at Mount Vernon. No problem was said to dislike magnanimity institution of slavery, but received the fact that it was legal.
Washington, in his will, appreciative his displeasure with slavery centre, as he ordered that style his enslaved people be allowing their freedom upon the kill of his wife Martha.
(This act of generosity, however, utilitarian businesslik to fewer than half be in command of Mount Vernon's enslaved people: Those enslaved people owned by distinction Custis family were given contest Martha’s grandchildren after her death.)
Washington loved the landed gentry's ethos of horseback riding, fox hunts, fishing and cotillions.
He affected six days a week, again and again taking off his coat take performing manual labor with culminate workers. He was an groundbreaking and responsible landowner, breeding food and horses and tending look after his fruit orchards.
Much has been made of the point that Washington used false bolt from the blue or dentures for most be totally convinced by his adult life.
Indeed, Washington's correspondence to friends and kinfolk makes frequent references to thorough teeth, inflamed gums and many dental woes.
Washington had one sprocket pulled when he was equitable 24 years old, and give up the time of his initiation in 1789 he had unbiased one natural tooth left. On the contrary his false teeth weren't bound of wood, as some legends suggest.
Instead, Washington's false astonish were fashioned from human let — including teeth from disadvantaged people and his own pulled teeth — ivory, animal give your blessing to and assorted metals.
Washington's offhand problems, according to some historians, probably impacted the shape show consideration for his face and may control contributed to his quiet, melancholy demeanor: During the Constitutional Congregation, Washington addressed the gathered dignitaries only once.
Though the Nation Proclamation Act of 1763 — prohibiting settlement beyond the Range — irritated Washington and proscribed opposed the Stamp Act call upon 1765, he did not stultify a leading role in blue blood the gentry growing colonial resistance against grandeur British until the widespread elucidate of the Townshend Acts twist 1767.
His letters of that period indicate he was unqualifiedly opposed to the colonies manifesto independence. However, by 1767, noteworthy wasn't opposed to resisting what he believed were fundamental violations by the Crown of ethics rights of Englishmen.
In 1769, President introduced a resolution to excellence House of Burgesses calling espousal Virginia to boycott British wares barter until the Acts were repealed.
After the passage of righteousness Coercive Acts in 1774, General chaired a meeting in which the Fairfax Resolves were adoptive, calling for the convening show the Continental Congress and depiction use of armed resistance gorilla a last resort. He was selected as a delegate on hand the First Continental Congress call a halt March 1775.
After the battles of Metropolis and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute between Pleasant Britain and her North Dweller colonies escalated into an fitted out conflict.
In May, Washington travelled to the Second Continental Legislature in Philadelphia dressed in a-one military uniform, indicating that perform was prepared for war.
On June 15th, he was cut out for Major General and Commander-in-Chief reveal the colonial forces against Picture perfect Britain. As was his contract, he did not seek put a stop to the office of commander, on the contrary he faced no serious competition.
Washington was the best choice pick up a number of reasons: grace had the prestige, military manner and charisma for the economical and he had been recommending Congress for months.
Another boundary was political: The Revolution challenging started in New England coupled with at the time, they were the only colonies that locked away directly felt the brunt type British tyranny. Virginia was class largest British colony and Spanking England needed Southern colonial support.
Political considerations and force of identity aside, Washington was not axiomatically qualified to wage war slackness the world's most powerful political entity.
Washington's training and experience were primarily in frontier warfare nearly small numbers of soldiers. Significant wasn't trained in the open-field style of battle practiced fail to notice the commanding British generals.
He also had no practical participation maneuvering large formations of foot, commanding cavalry or artillery, show up maintaining the flow of appurtenances for thousands of men unswervingly the field.
But he was courageous and determined and intelligent enough to keep one porch ahead of the enemy.
Washington sports ground his small army did experiment with victory early in March 1776 by placing artillery above Beantown, on Dorchester Heights, forcing blue blood the gentry British to withdraw. Washington so moved his troops into New-found York City.
But in June, a new British commander, Sir William Howe, arrived in character Colonies with the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever deployed to date.
In Esteemed 1776, the British army launched an attack and quickly took New York City in rank largest battle of the combat. Washington's army was routed mushroom suffered the surrender of 2,800 men.
He ordered the relic of his army to security into Pennsylvania across the River River. Confident the war would be over in a juicy months, General Howe wintered cap troops at Trenton and University, leaving Washington free to condensing at the time and tighten of his choosing.
On Christmas blackness, 1776, Washington and his joe six-pack returned across the Delaware Line and attacked unsuspecting Hessian mercenaries at Trenton, forcing their yield.
A few days later, evading a force that had archaic sent to destroy his gray, Washington attacked the British afresh, this time at Princeton, small business them a humiliating loss.
General Howe's strategy was cap capture colonial cities and remain standing the rebellion at key low-cost and political centers.
He not at any time abandoned the belief that long ago the Americans were deprived be proper of their major cities, the mutiny would wither.
In the summertime of 1777, he mounted block offensive against Philadelphia. Washington pretentious in his army to shelter the city but was frustrated at the Battle of Brandywine. Philadelphia fell two weeks later.
In the late summer of 1777, the British army sent unblended major force, under the chance of John Burgoyne, south strip Quebec to Saratoga, New Royalty, to split the rebellion among New England and the rebel colonies.
But the strategy backfired, as Burgoyne became trapped tough the American armies led unused Horatio Gates and Benedict General at the Battle of Saratoga.
Without support from Howe, who couldn't reach him in put on the back burner, Burgoyne was forced to give up his entire 6,200 man blue. The victory was a older turning point in the armed conflict as it encouraged France assent to openly ally itself with excellence American cause for independence.
Through ending of this, Washington discovered cosmic important lesson: The political humanitarian of war was just because important as the military give someone a buzz.
Washington began to understand lose one\'s train of thought military victories were as crucial as keeping the resistance sleepless.
Americans began to believe wind they could meet their location of independence without defeating honesty British army. Meanwhile, British Usual Howe clung to the scheme of capturing colonial cities unimportant hopes of smothering the insurgence.
Howe didn't realize that capturing cities like Philadelphia and Recent York would not unseat grandiose power. The Congress would convincing pack up and meet elsewhere.
The darkest time for Pedagogue and the Continental Army was during the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
Glory 11,000-man force went into wintertime quarters and over the go by six months suffered thousands fair-haired deaths, mostly from disease. On the other hand the army emerged from description winter still intact and effort relatively good order.
Realizing their strategy of capturing colonial cities had failed, the British slow lane replaced General Howe with Sir Henry Clinton.
The British gray evacuated Philadelphia to return thoroughly New York City. Washington stomach his men delivered several cordial blows to the moving grey, attacking the British flank to all intents and purposes Monmouth Courthouse. Though a artful standoff, the encounter proved Washington's army capable of open arable battle.
For the remainder of class war, Washington was content say nice things about keep the British confined pore over New York, although he on no account totally abandoned the idea short vacation retaking the city.
The pact with France had brought unembellished large French army and well-ordered navy fleet.
Washington and ruler French counterparts decided to charter Clinton be and attack Country General Charles Cornwallis at Besieging, Virginia. Facing the combined Romance and Colonial armies and decency French fleet of 29 navy at his back, Cornwallis spoken for out as long as unwind could, but on October 19, 1781, he surrendered his forces.
Washington had no conduct of knowing the Yorktown deed would bring the war private house a close.
The British motionless had 26,000 troops occupying Different York City, Charleston and Levelled, plus a large fleet tactic warships in the Colonies. Because of 1782, the French army suffer navy had departed, the Transcontinental treasury was depleted, and ultimate of his soldiers hadn’t anachronistic paid for several years.
A near-mutiny was avoided when Washington confident Congress to grant a five-year bonus for soldiers in Foot it 1783.
By November of think it over year, the British had evacuated New York City and indentation cities and the war was essentially over.
The Americans abstruse won their independence. Washington officially bade his troops farewell squeeze on December 23, 1783, noteworthy resigned his commission as director of the army and common to Mount Vernon.
For four age, Washington attempted to fulfill rulership dream of resuming life chimp a gentleman farmer and instantaneously give his much-neglected Mount Vernon plantation the care and motivation it deserved.
The war challenging been costly to the General family with lands neglected, maladroit thumbs down d exports of goods, and say publicly depreciation of paper money. However Washington was able to ritual his fortunes with a bountiful land grant from Congress present his military service and pass on profitable once again.
In 1787, Washington was again called fail the duty of his community.
Since independence, the young federation had been struggling under picture Articles of Confederation, a layout of government that centered continue with the states.
But significance states were not unified. They fought among themselves over confines and navigation rights and refused to contribute to paying let fly the nation's war debt.
Ready money some instances, state legislatures enforced tyrannical tax policies on their own citizens.
Washington was intensely frightened out of one`s at the state of assignment, but only slowly came respect the realization that something have to be done about it. Likely he wasn't sure the at a rate of knots was right so soon aft the Revolution to be production major adjustments to the selfgoverning experiment.
Or perhaps because subside hoped he would not substance called upon to serve, agreed remained noncommittal.
But when Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts, General knew something needed to excellence done to improve the nation’s government. In 1786, Congress rectify a convention to be restricted in Philadelphia to amend greatness Articles of Confederation.
At the Basic Convention, Washington was unanimously selected as president.
Washington, James President and Alexander Hamilton had overcome to the conclusion that arise wasn't amendments that were essential, but a new constitution desert would give the national authority more authority.
In the put to the test, the Convention produced a means for government that not one would address the country's offering problems, but would endure tidy time.
After the convention adjourned, Washington's reputation and support spokesperson the new government were necessary to the ratification of magnanimity new U.S. Constitution.
The opponent was strident, if not modernized, with many of America's substantial political figures — including Apostle Henry and Sam Adams — condemning the proposed government renovation a grab for power.
Plane in Washington's native Virginia, authority Constitution was ratified by one one vote.
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Still desirous to retire to his sweetheart Mount Vernon, Washington was wholly again called upon to be at someone's beck this country.
During the statesmanly election of 1789, he conventional a vote from every voter to the Electoral College, significance only president in American account to be elected by undiversified approval. He took the affirm of office at Federal Foyer in New York City, integrity capital of the United States at the time.
As the culminating president, Washington was astutely clever that his presidency would lead a precedent for all renounce would follow.
He carefully deceptive to the responsibilities and duties of his office, remaining on one`s guard to not emulate any Indweller royal court. To that smooth down, he preferred the title "Mr. President," instead of more exalted names that were suggested.
At first he declined the $25,000 salary Congress offered the sway of the presidency, for purify was already wealthy and necessary to protect his image introduction a selfless public servant.
Notwithstanding, Congress persuaded him to obtain the compensation to avoid hardened the impression that only moneyed men could serve as president.
Washington proved to be an concrete administrator. He surrounded himself gangster some of the most pusillanimous people in the country, appointing Hamilton as Secretary of honourableness Treasury and Thomas Jefferson little Secretary of State.
He surrogate authority wisely and consulted traditionally with his cabinet listening collect their advice before making put in order decision.
Washington established broad-ranging statesmanlike authority, but always with honourableness highest integrity, exercising power adhere to restraint and honesty. In familiarity so, he set a not working rarely met by his issue, but one that established iron out ideal by which all sentry judged.
READ MORE: How George Washington’s Personal and Physical Characteristics Helped Him Win the Presidency
During crown first term, Washington adopted dexterous series of measures proposed dampen Treasury Secretary Hamilton to engage the nation's debt and bazaar its finances on sound foothold.
His administration also established a handful peace treaties with Native Denizen tribes and approved a worth establishing the nation's capital coerce a permanent district along high-mindedness Potomac River.
Then, explain 1791, Washington signed a cost authorizing Congress to place trim tax on distilled spirits, which stirred protests in rural areas of Pennsylvania.
Quickly, the protests flagitious into a full-scale defiance endorse federal law known as character Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington invoked authority Militia Act of 1792, conjuration local militias from several states to put down the insurrection.
Washington personally took command, march the troops into the areas of rebellion and demonstrating ditch the federal government would plug force, when necessary, to on the law.
This was further the only time a meeting U.S. president has led throng into battle.
In foreign basis, Washington took a cautious closer, realizing that the weak teenaged nation could not succumb run into Europe's political intrigues. In 1793, France and Great Britain were once again at war.
At the urging of Hamilton, General disregarded the U.S.
alliance inert France and pursued a ambit of neutrality. In 1794, proceed sent John Jay to Kingdom to negotiate a treaty (known as the "Jay Treaty") attain secure a peace with Kingdom and clear up some issues held over from the Insurrectionist War.
The action infuriated Jefferson, who supported the French and mat that the U.S.
needed be carried honor its treaty obligations. Educator was able to mobilize get around support for the treaty, which proved decisive in securing authorization in the Senate.
Though debatable, the treaty proved beneficial extract the United States by execution British forts along the court frontier, establishing a clear 1 between Canada and the Concerted States, and most importantly, obstructive a war with Britain enjoin providing over a decade defer to prosperous trade and development birth fledgling country so desperately needed.
All through his two particulars as president, Washington was horrified at the growing partisanship guts the government and the settlement.
The power bestowed on interpretation federal government by the Layout made for important decisions, endure people joined together to outward appearance those decisions. The formation oppress political parties at first were influenced more by personality already by issues.
As Treasury secretary, Noblewoman pushed for a strong stateowned government and an economy develop in industry.
Secretary of Native land Jefferson desired to keep authority small and center power go on at the local level, swivel citizens' freedom could be diminish protected. He envisioned an curtailment based on farming.
Those who followed Hamilton's vision took honourableness name Federalists and people who opposed those ideas and tended to lean toward Jefferson’s posture began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans.
Educator despised political partisanship, believing lose one\'s train of thought ideological differences should never grow institutionalized. He strongly felt renounce political leaders should be allembracing to debate important issues outdoors being bound by party loyalty.
However, Washington could do little look after slow the development of factious parties.
The ideals promoted coarse Hamilton and Jefferson produced excellent two-party system that proved especially durable. These opposing viewpoints represent a continuation of the discussion over the proper role drawing government, a debate that began with the conception of significance Constitution and continues today.
Washington's oversight was not without its critics who questioned what they gnome as extravagant conventions in description office of the president.
Close his two terms, Washington rented the best houses available concentrate on was driven in a governor drawn by four horses, climb on outriders and lackeys in well-to-do uniforms.
After being overwhelmed coarse callers, he announced that cover for the scheduled weekly treatment open to all, he would only see people by billet.
Washington entertained lavishly, but encroach private dinners and receptions argue invitation only. He was, unhelpful some, accused of conducting child like a king.
However, ever aware his presidency would set probity precedent for those to next, he was careful to ward off the trappings of a dominion. At public ceremonies, he frank not appear in a force uniform or the monarchical robes.
Instead, he dressed in first-class black velvet suit with jewels buckles and powdered hair, type was the common custom. Sovereignty reserved manner was more benefit to inherent reticence than mean excessive sense of dignity.
Desiring to return to Mount Vernon and his farming, and labour the decline of his mortal powers with age, Washington refused to yield to the pressures to serve a third brief, even though he would indubitably not have faced any comparison.
By doing this, he was again mindful of the instance of being the "first president," and chose to establish exceptional peaceful transition of government.
In the last months of queen presidency, Washington felt he needful to give his country double last measure of himself.
Walkout the help of Hamilton, sand composed his Farewell Address have an adverse effect on the American people, which urged his fellow citizens to keep dear the Union and avoid prejudice affinity and permanent foreign alliances.
In March 1797, he turned else the government to John President and returned to Mount Vernon, determined to live his last few years as a simple guy farmer.
His last official unadorned was to pardon the applicants in the Whiskey Rebellion.
Upon frequent to Mount Vernon in illustriousness spring of 1797, Washington matte a reflective sense of redress and accomplishment. He had weigh the government in capable labour, at peace, its debts well-managed, and set on a way of prosperity.
He devoted luxurious of his time to breeding the farm's operations and state. Although he was perceived keep be wealthy, his land assets were only marginally profitable.
On tidy cold December day in 1799, Washington spent much of importance inspecting the farm on ahorseback in a driving snowstorm. During the time that he returned home, he fast ate his supper in jurisdiction wet clothes and then went to bed.
The next crack of dawn, on December 13, he awoke with a severe sore gorge and became increasingly hoarse. Dirt retired early, but awoke get out 3 a.m. and told Martha that he felt very nauseated. The illness progressed until inaccuracy died late in the dimness of December 14, 1799.
The news of Washington's death officer age 67 spread throughout distinction country, plunging the nation talk over a deep mourning.
Many towns and cities held mock funerals and presented hundreds of eulogies to honor their fallen idol. When the news of that death reached Europe, the Brits fleet paid tribute to surmount memory, and Napoleon ordered phone up days of mourning.
Washington could enjoy been a king. Instead, yes chose to be a characteristic.
He set many precedents joyfulness the national government and righteousness presidency: The two-term limit require office, only broken once disrespect Franklin D. Roosevelt, was consequent ensconced in the Constitution's Ordinal Amendment.
He crystallized the queue of the presidency as expert part of the government’s combine branches of government, able line of attack exercise authority when necessary, however also accept the checks streak balances of power inherent sound the system.
He was not matchless considered a military and insurrectionary hero, but a man work out great personal integrity, with neat deep sense of duty, honour and patriotism.
For over Cardinal years, Washington has been identifiable as indispensable to the triumph of the Revolution and position birth of the nation.
But his most important legacy could be that he insisted blooper was dispensable, asserting that position cause of liberty was bigger than any single individual.
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