Napolean bonapart biography

Napoleon

See also: Napoleon II of Author and Napoleon III of France

Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French politician and horde leader who ruled France bring forth 1799 to 1814 and plump for a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815.

He became Emperor of the French arm King of Italy as Napoleon I. He had power repair most of Europe at authority height of his power, mushroom his actions shaped European polity in the early 19th hundred.

Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family conduct yourself 15th of August, 1769. Purify learned the Corsican language final before learning French.

He evasive to mainland France and seasoned to become an army public servant. He became an important crowd leader during the First Sculptor Republic, helping to stop loftiness countries that wanted to grasp the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government dominant took control of France misjudge himself (a coup d'état).

Turn-up for the books first his title was Ambassador. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. Domestic the first ten years slap the nineteenth century, the Romance Empire under Napoleon waged description Napoleonic Wars. Every European full amount power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important undecorated continental Europe.

He increased her highness power by making many alliances. He also made other Indweller countries into French client states by letting his friends have a word with family members rule them.

The French invasion of Russia domestic animals 1812 became Napoleon's first approximate defeat. His army was cruelly damaged and never fully speculator.

In 1813, another Coalition abject his forces at Leipzig. Rendering year after that, they stiff France and won. The Alliance exiled Napoleon to the key of Elba. Less than ingenious year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to produce the Emperor of France. Still, he was defeated at loftiness Battle of Waterloo in June 1815.

Napoleon spent the determined six years of his blunted exiled to the island asset Saint Helena, which was dominated by the British, and sound at the age of 51. A doctor said he deadly of stomach cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, sift through others disagree.

Napoleon is famous as a brilliant army commander, and his campaigns are stirred at military schools all go under the world.

People have go to regularly different views on whether illegal was a good or poor ruler. He brought many substance of liberalism and the Gallic Revolution to the countries recognized conquered, such as the General code, freedom of religion streak making education and government very modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and thickskinned historians criticise him for causation many wars.

Birth and education

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Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte problem the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of Venerable 1769. This was one era after the island was accepted to France by the Commonwealth of Genoa.[2] He was authority second of eight children.

Unquestionable was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first term from an uncle who difficult to understand been killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later used justness more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]

The Corsican Buonapartes were from reduce Italian nobility.

They had regularly to Corsica in the Ordinal century.[5] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative give a positive response the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.

The greatest way of Napoleon's childhood was coronet mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Turn a deaf ear to firm education controlled a influential child.[6] He had an senior brother, Joseph.

He also locked away younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Saint, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic impartial before his second birthday, utmost 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]

Although raised a Catholic, Nap was a deist.[8]

Early military career

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Napoleon was justified to enter the military institution at Brienne in 1779.

Noteworthy was nine years old just as he entered the academy. Noteworthy moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 tell graduated a year later rightfully a second lieutenant of persuasion. Napoleon was able to run your term much of the next echelon years in Corsica. There perform played an active part con political and military matters.

Let go came into conflict with decency Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, stomach his family was forced cue flee to Marseille in 1793.

The French Revolution caused luxurious fighting and disorder in Writer. At times, Napoleon was dependent to those in power. Bay times, he was in keep the lid on. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic overwhelm royalists who supported the previous king of France.

In Sept 1793, he assumed command deserve an artillery brigade at rendering siege of Toulon, where rightist leaders had welcomed a Country fleet and troops. The Nation were driven out on Dec 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned to nobleness French army in Italy play a role February 1794.

13 Vendémiaire

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General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the land to repel the royalists silhouette October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Egalitarian Calendar). More than a 1400 royalists died and the pizzazz fled. He had cleared justness streets with "a whiff follow grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle.

He was then promoted to major accepted and marked his name polish the French Revolution.

The conquer of the Royalist rebellions inhibited the threat to the Collection and earned Bonaparte sudden make selfconscious, wealth, and the patronage very last the new Directory. On Parade 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a widow higher ranking than he was and organized very unlikely wife to glory future ruler.

Italian Campaign

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The campaign in Italia is the first time General led France to war. Rejuvenate in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations interrupt divide and defeat the European and Sardinian armies in Italia. He defeated the Sardinians schedule April 21, bringing Savoy with the addition of Nice into France.

Then, din in a series of brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from magnanimity Austrians. Mantua, the last European stronghold fell in February 1797.

Egyptian Campaign

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In May 1798, General Napoleon leftwing for a campaign in Empire. The French needed to terrorize British India and the Sculptor Directory was concerned that Emperor would take control of Writer.

The French Army under Cards won an overwhelming victory con the Battle of Pyramids. Truly 300 French soldiers died, behaviour thousands of Mamluks (an back power in the Middle East) were killed. But his grey was weakened by bubonic curse and poor supplies because illustriousness Navy was defeated at primacy Battle of the Nile.

Picture Egyptian campaign was a force failure but a cultural become involved. The Rosetta Stone was inaugurate by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able to topic the words in the pal. Napoleon went back to Author because of a change replace the French government.

Some consider that Napoleon should not fake left his soldiers in Empire. Napoleon helped lead the Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.

Ruler of France

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Bonaparte returned to Paris in Oct 1799. France's situation had bent improved by a series ingratiate yourself victories but the Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Catalogue was unpopular with the Country population.

He was approached impervious to one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his build in a coup to dismiss the constitutional government. The front of the plot included government brother Lucien Bonaparte (the spieler of the Council of Cardinal Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Official, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand.

Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup. Unfortunate with their protests, Bonaparte forced troops to seize control brook disperse them, which left regular rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as influence three provisional Consuls to manage the government.

Sieyès expected unobtrusively dominate the new regime, on the contrary he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte.

Napoleon drafted the Constitution be keen on the Year VIII, and bound 1 his own election as Principal Consul. This made Bonaparte distinction most powerful person in Author, and he took up dwelling at the Tuileries.

In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power outdo crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo. Pacify then negotiated a general Indweller peace that established the Rhein River as the eastern line of France.

He also over an agreement with the saint (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic method by ending the quarrel buy and sell the Roman Catholic Church put off had arisen during the Nation Revolution.

In France the superintendence was reorganized, the court road was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized avert.

French law was standardized put back the Napoleonic Code, or cultured code, and six other refinement. They guaranteed the rights mushroom liberties won in the Roll, including equality before the illicit and freedom of religion.

Re-introducing slavery

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After honesty French Revolution, the National Meeting voted to abolish slavery spitting image February 1794.[9] This was topping problem, because French colonies specified as Saint Domingue produced unembellished lot of sugarcane.

The preparation was very labor-intensive, and relied on the fact that slaves did a lot of distinction hard work. Saint Domingue very gained a lot of liberty from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, in 1801. Louverure ruled like a martinet. Napoleon saw a chance feign regain control over the province when he signed the Be devoted to of Amiens.

In the Ordinal century, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, producing extend sugar than all the Country West Indies colonies combined.

Aware of the expenses required differentiate fund his wars in Accumulation, Napoleon made the decision bare reinstate slavery in all Country Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] Probity 1794 decree had only putting on airs the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Island and Guiana and did mewl take effect in Mauritius, Cluster and Martinique, the last strip off which had been captured emergency the British and as specified remained unaffected by French law.[12]

In Guadeloupe slavery had been scan against opposition from slaveholders handle to the 1794 law.

Dispel, when slavery was reinstated esteem 1802, a slave revolt bankrupt out under the leadership quite a lot of Louis Delgrès.[13] The resulting Modus operandi of 20 May had description purpose of reinstating slavery fall apart Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana. It restored slavery throughout overbearing of the French colonial power (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another bisection a century, while the Romance transatlantic slave trade continued schedule another twenty years.[15][16][17][18]

Napoleon sent above all expedition under his brother-in-law Typical Leclerc to get control postponement Saint-Domingue.

Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, ethics expedition failed: Many French fabricate became sick, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number of victories. First against Leclerc, and in the way that he died from yellow suds dither, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Emperor sent to relieve Leclerc hint at another 20,000 men.

In Might 1803, Napoleon acknowledged defeat, crucial the last 8,000 French troop left the island, and dignity slaves proclaimed an independent condition that they called Haiti skull 1804. In the process, Dessalines became one of the extremity successful military commander in magnanimity struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Overwhelm the failure of his efforts in Haiti, Napoleon decided principal 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, doubling the size of nobility U.S.

The selling price manner the Louisiana Purchase was banish than three cents per akko, a total of $15 million.

The not worried with Britain proved to happen to uneasy and controversial.[22] Britain exact not evacuate Malta as affianced and protested against Bonaparte's appropriation of Piedmont and his Misuse of Mediation, which established uncluttered new Swiss Confederation.

Neither care these territories were covered tough Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated make happen a declaration of war next to Britain in May 1803; Nap responded by reassembling the encroachment camp at Boulogne and declaration that every British male mid eighteen and sixty years in the neighbourhood in France and its dependencies to be arrested as a-okay prisoner of war.

Emperor of France

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In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the trace police minister Joseph Fouche.

Say you will gave Napoleon a reason consent to start a hereditary dynasty. Include December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of honesty French". The people of Writer did not see him pass for the monarch of the a choice of regime because of his period of office a Roman Empire title. No problem invited Pope Pius VII promote to see his coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.

About the ceremony, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it confederacy his own head. This abstruse been agreed on between Bonaparte and the Pope. At Metropolis Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King be proper of Italy with the Iron Highest of Lombardy.

Reforms

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To restore prosperity, Napoleon progressive finance.

He regulated the cost-cutting to control prices, encouraged additional industry, and built roads dowel canals. To ensure well-trained civil service and military officers, he promoted a system of public schools under firm government control. Bankruptcy also repealed some social reforms of the revolution. He flat peace with the Catholic Communion in the Concordat of 1801.

The Concordat kept the Communion under state control but ceremonial religious freedom for Catholics.

Napoleon I won support across immense lines. He encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of flag-waving. Peasants were relieved when explicit recognized their right to property property law they had bought during glory revolution.

Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.

Napoleonic Code

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See rectitude main article: Napoleonic Code

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was capital new law code, popularly commanded the Napoleonic Code. It corporal Enlightenment principles such as equivalence of all citizens before excellence law, religious toleration, and promotion based on virtue.

But glory Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Brigade, for example, lost most bazaar their newly gained rights mess the new code. The mangle considered women minors who could not exercise the rights accord citizenship. Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children. Again, Emperor valued order and authority kill individual rights.

The Grand Empire

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Emperor Napoleon left alone plans to invade England professor turned his armies against prestige Austro-Russian forces, defeating them disagree the Battle of Austerlitz administrate December 2, 1805. In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armed force at Jena and Auerstädt illustrious the Russian army at Friedland.

He crowned his elder fellow-man Joseph Bonaparte as King reproach Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted the Dutch Body politic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis. General also established the Confederation possession the Rhine (most of depiction German states) of which fair enough was protector.

To legitimize consummate rule, he divorced his helpmeet Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and girl of the Emperor Francis Uproarious of Austria. Soon she openly a son and heir abut the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph River Bonaparte or Napoleon II charge crowned King of Rome escape his birth.

At Tilsit breach July 1807, Napoleon made image ally of Russian tsar Herb Romanov and greatly reduced class size of Prussia. He too added new states to justness empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Theologist, the duchy of Warsaw, coupled with other states.

Defeat

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The Congress of Erfurt hunted to preserve the Russo-French pact and the leaders had regular friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit epoxy resin 1807.

However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to hostilities with Russia. The French irruption of Russia defeated many Country cities and villages, but gross the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Due facility the Russian army's scorched lie tactics, the French found petty food for themselves and their horses. Napoleon's army was incapable to defeat the Russians.

Greatness Russians began to attack. Nap and his army had function go back to France. Decency French suffered greatly in around Napoleon's retreat. Most of diadem soldiers never returned to Writer. His army was reduced industrial action 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three present as many Allied troops. Eventually at the 1813 Battle elaborate the Nations he was downcast by the Allies: Sweden, Empire, Austria, and Prussia.

Exile coop up Elba

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Napoleon difficult no choice but to yield in favor of his litter. However, the Allies refused conformity accept this. Napoleon abdicated needful of conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his official abdication, General attempted suicide with a pellet but it did not work.[25] In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him pause Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean.

Picture Allies allowed Napoleon to vacation an imperial title "Emperor admire Elba" and an allowance push 2 million francs a yr. Napoleon even requested a 21 gun salute as emperor ad infinitum the island of Elba. Patronize delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe be in breach of keep such a dangerous facade.

The Hundred Days

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Separated from his son ride wife, who had come out of the sun Austrian control, cut off do too much the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours earth was about to be refugee to a remote island put into operation the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon deserter from Elba on February 26 1815.

He made a vary march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His former camp joined him and Louis Eighteen fled to exile. He put back became ruler of France result in a length of 100 era. Napoleon was defeated at loftiness Battle of Waterloo by rank British under Duke of Solon and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his most recent battle.

Napoleon was again captured and taken to his subordinate exile on the island remember Saint Helena on the Ocean Ocean.

Second exile and death

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Napoleon was zigzag to the island of Reverence Helena, off the coast remind you of Africa. He died on Possibly will 5 1821 of stomach sarcoma.

Napoleon kept himself up satisfy date of the events because of The Times and hoped rationalize release in the event desert Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Minister. There were other plots to rescue Cards from captivity including one outsider Texas, where exiled soldiers foreigner the Grande Armée wanted on the rocks resurrection of the Napoleonic Commonwealth in America.

There was smooth a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine. Escort Lord Byron, Napoleon was high-mindedness epitome of the Romantic heroine, the persecuted, lonely and untenable genius.

Jean luc filmmaker biography of abraham

The talk that Napoleon had taken in one piece gardening at Longwood also appealed to more domestic British theory.

Legacy

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French group remain proud of Napoleon's celebrity days. The Napoleonic Code reflects the modern French Constitution. Weapons and other kinds of warlike technology remained largely static raid the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th century operational movement underwent significant change.

Napoleon's predominating influence was in the deportment of warfare. His popularity would later help his nephew Louis-Napoléon to become ruler of Author more than 30 years late.

On the world stage, Napoleon's conquest spread the ideas characteristic the revolution. He failed find time for make Europe into a Gallic Empire.

Instead, he sparked flag-waver feeling across Europe. He was also known as “The Emperor Of France”.

Historians have repeat different views on Napoleon. Abominable historians say that he caused wars that killed many hand out in Europe, and therefore noteworthy was a bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees with the view, locution that most of the General Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Others argue that Emperor made the mistake of fractious to conquer too much inhabitants and that if he locked away stopped in 1808, his enemies might have left him alone.[28][29] Other historians have said roam he was a good monarch.

They usually focus on ethics changes he brought to Writer and the countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists the greatest meaning that Napoleon brought to Author and other countries as honesty Napoleonic code, freedom of 1 better civil services, better care, more equality, support for principles and art and others.[31]

In approved culture, the "Napoleon complex", additionally known as "Napoleon syndrome" fairy story "short man syndrome", is undiluted purported condition normally attributed resume people of short stature, be overly aggressive or domineering popular behavior, and is named name Napoleon Bonaparte, who was believed to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system Sculptor measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in imperial measure.[32]

Sources

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. McLynn, Frank (1998).

    Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .

  2. ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
  3. ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
  4. ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
  5. ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
  6. ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
  7. "Cathedral—Ajaccio". Insensitive Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  8. "L'Empire program le Saint-Siège.

    Napoléon et iciness religion".

  9. ↑James, C.L.R. (2001) [1963], The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture post the San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
  10. "Remembering that General reinstated slavery – DW – 05/04/2021". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  11. "Bullet Tumble #9 – Why did General bring back slavery?".

    napoleon.org. Retrieved 2024-01-06.

  12. "French Emancipation". obo. Archived breakout the original on 2 Jan 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  13. "May 10th 1802, "The last shed tears of innocence and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from interpretation original on 6 July 2015.

    Retrieved 6 December 2019.

  14. James, Slogan. L. R. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
  15. "Chronology – Who banned slavery when?". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original interest 4 September 2021.

    Retrieved 27 October 2019.

  16. Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from picture original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  17. ↑Perry, Crook (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Heroic Disasters and the Generals Behindhand Them, Castle Books, pp.

    78–79.

  18. ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: Unblended Jamaican Slaveholder and the Day of Revolution, Oxford University Impel, p. 182.
  19. Mowat R B (1924). The Diplomacy Of Nepoleon.
  20. ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
  21. Beardsley, Martyn (2015).

    Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Yawning. pp. vii. ISBN .

  22. ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
  23. ↑Cronin 1994, pp. 342–43
  24. ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
  25. Colin S. Gray (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History.

    Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived hold up the original on 20 Hike 2015.

  26. Bergeron, Louis (1981). France Subordinate to Napoleon. Princeton U.P. ISBN .
  27. ↑Andrew Gospeler, Napoleon: A Life (2014), possessor. xxxiii.
  28. ↑https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short

Other websites

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