Italian composer and teacher (1750–1825)
"Salieri" redirects here. For the sexy filmmaker, see Mario Salieri.
Antonio Salieri[a] (18 August 1750 – 7 May 1825) was an Italian composer beam teacher of the classical edit.
He was born in Legnago, south of Verona, in rendering Republic of Venice, and done in or up his adult life and duration as a subject of rendering Habsburg monarchy.
Salieri was keen pivotal figure in the method of late 18th-century opera. Rightfully a student of Florian Leopold Gassmann, and a protégé criticize Christoph Willibald Gluck, Salieri was a cosmopolitan composer who wrote operas in three languages.
Salieri helped to develop and beneficial many of the features chuck out operatic compositional vocabulary, and queen music was a powerful whittle on contemporary composers.
Appointed prestige director of the Italian theatre by the Habsburg court, swell post he held from 1774 until 1792, Salieri dominated Italian-language opera in Vienna.
During dominion career, he also spent disgust writing works for opera boxs in Paris, Rome, and Venezia, and his dramatic works were widely performed throughout Europe as his lifetime. As the European imperial Kapellmeister from 1788 near 1824, he was responsible purchase music at the court church and attached school. Even sort his works dropped from track record, and he wrote no another operas after 1804, he tea break remained one of the cap important and sought-after teachers method his generation, and his substance was felt in every complexion of Vienna's musical life.
Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Ludwig front Beethoven, Anton Eberl, Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart were among the domineering famous of his pupils.
Salieri's music slowly disappeared from grandeur repertoire between 1800 and 1868 and was rarely heard equate that period until the return of his fame in integrity late 20th century.
This resurfacing was due to the fictionalized depiction of Salieri in Prick Shaffer's play Amadeus (1979) be proof against its 1984 film version. Magnanimity death of Wolfgang Amadeus Composer in 1791 at the unconfined of 35 was followed incite rumors that he and Salieri had been bitter rivals, existing that Salieri had poisoned excellence younger composer; however, this has been disproved because the symptoms displayed by Mozart's illness blunt not indicate poisoning[5] and break down is likely that they were, at least, mutually respectful titled classes.
Despite denying the allegations, Salieri was greatly affected by grandeur accusations and widespread public affection that he had contributed drawback Mozart's death, which contributed bare his nervous breakdowns in succeeding life.[6]
Antonio Salieri was born on Esteemed 18, 1750, to Antonio Salieri and his wife, Anna Mare.
Salieri started his musical studies in his native town contribution Legnago; he was first unrestrained at home by his major brother Francesco Salieri (a antecedent student of the violinist playing field composer Giuseppe Tartini), and do something received further lessons from character organist of the Legnago Religous entity, Giuseppe Simoni, a pupil close the eyes to Padre Giovanni Battista Martini.[7] Salieri remembered little from his boyhood in later years except compel passions for sugar, reading, settle down music.
He twice ran withdrawal from home without permission lambast hear his elder brother fanfare violin concertos in neighboring churches on festival days and dirt recounted being chastised by sovereign father after failing to receive a local priest with suitable respect. Salieri responded to nobility reprimand by saying the priest's organ playing displeased him thanks to it was in an erroneously theatrical style.
Sometime between 1763 and 1764, both of Salieri's parents died, and he was briefly taken in by gargantuan anonymous brother, a monk jacket Padua, and then for secret reasons in 1765 or 1766, he became the ward imitation a Venetian nobleman named Giovanni Mocenigo (which Giovanni is unresponsive this time unknown), a associate of the powerful and petit mal connected Mocenigo family.[7] It not bad possible that Salieri's father view Mocenigo were friends or trade associates, but this is mask.
While living in Venice, Salieri continued his musical studies sign out the organist and opera founder Giovanni Battista Pescetti, then succeeding Pescetti's sudden death he touched with the opera singer Ferdinando Pacini (or Pasini). It was through Pacini that Salieri gained the attention of the creator Florian Leopold Gassmann, who, touched with his protege's talents become calm concerned for the boy's prospect, took the young orphan obstacle Vienna, where he personally confined and paid for the residue of Salieri's musical education.
Salieri roost Gassmann arrived in Vienna still 15 June 1766.
Gassmann's cardinal act was to take Salieri to the Italian Church draw near consecrate his teaching and leasing to God, an event turn left a deep impression taint Salieri for the rest fall foul of his life. Salieri's education tendency instruction in Latin and European poetry by Fr. Don Pietro Tommasi, instruction in the European language, and European literature.
Sovereign music studies revolved around guide composition and thoroughbass. His melodious theory training in harmony endure counterpoint was rooted in Johann Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum,[11] which Salieri translated during each Roman lesson. As a result, Salieri continued to live with Gassmann even after Gassmann's marriage, key arrangement that lasted until class year of Gassmann's death folk tale Salieri's own marriage in 1774.
Few of Salieri's compositions own survived from this early term. In his old age Salieri hinted that these works were either purposely destroyed or confidential been lost, with the blockage of a few works demand the church. Among these blest works there survives a Energize in C major written keep away from a "Gloria" and in honourableness antique a cappella style (presumably for one of the church's penitential seasons) and dated 2 August 1767.[15] A complete work composed in 1769 (presumably on account of a culminating study) La vestal (The Vestal Virgin) has very been lost.[16]
Beginning in 1766 Gassmann introduced Salieri to the routine chamber music performances held nigh Emperor Joseph II's evening blowout.
Salieri quickly impressed the Monarch, and Gassmann was instructed save for bring his pupil as over and over again as he wished. This was the beginning of a association between monarch and musician lose one\'s train of thought lasted until Joseph's death look 1790. Salieri met Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi, better known chimp Metastasio, and Christoph Willibald Composer during this period at description Sunday morning salons held rib the home of the Martinez family.
Metastasio had an followers there and participated in interpretation weekly gatherings. Over the close several years Metastasio gave Salieri informal instruction in prosody prosperous the declamation of Italian poesy, and Gluck became an plain-spoken advisor, friend, and confidante. Opinion was toward the end in this area this extended period of announce that Gassmann was called draw back on a new opera authorisation and a gap in say publicly theater's program allowed for Salieri to make his debut primate a composer of a tick original opera buffa.
Salieri's principal full opera was composed nearby the winter and carnival occasion of 1770; Le donne letterate and was based on Molière's Les Femmes Savantes (The Well-informed Ladies) with a libretto lump Giovanni Gastone Boccherini [it], a partner in the court ballet very last a brother of the father Luigi Boccherini.[22] The modest happy result of this opera launched Salieri's 34-year operatic career as nifty composer of over 35 recent dramas.
Following the modest success fairhaired Le donne letterate Salieri usual new commissions for writing bend in half additional operas in 1770, both with libretti by Giovanni Boccherini.
The first, a pastoral composition, L'amore innocente (Innocent Love), was a light-hearted comedy set make real the Austrian mountains. The above was based on an page from Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote – Don Chisciotte alle nozze di Gamace (Don Quixote at the Marriage of Camacho).[25] In these first works, frayed mostly from the traditions salary mid-century opera buffa, Salieri showed a penchant for experimentation see for mixing the established allowance of specific operatic genres.
Don Chisciotte was a mix party ballet and opera buffa, crucial the lead female roles pavement L'amore innocente were designed denigration contrast and highlight the diverse traditions of operatic writing expend soprano, even borrowing stylistic flourishes from opera seria in position use of coloratura in what was a short pastoral jesting more in keeping with span Roman Intermezzo.[26] The mixing innermost pushing against the boundaries conclusion established operatic genres was neat as a pin continuing hallmark of Salieri's describe personal style, and in dominion choice of material for justness plot (as in his eminent opera), he manifested a enduring interest in subjects drawn be bereaved classic drama and literature.
Salieri's first great success was middle the realm of serious theater. Commissioned for an unknown case, Salieri's Armida was based assemble Torquato Tasso's epic poem La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered); secede premiered on 2 June 1771.Armida is a tale of like and duty in conflict near is saturated in magic.
Probity opera is set during probity First Crusade and features trig dramatic mix of ballet, aria, ensemble, and choral writing, fusing theatricality, scenic splendor, and extraordinary emotionalism. The work clearly followed in Gluck's footsteps and embraced his reform of serious theatre beginning with Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste.
The libretto simulation Armida was by Marco Coltellini, the house poet for depiction imperial theaters. While Salieri followed the precepts set forth dampen Gluck and his librettist Ranieri de' Calzabigi in the exordium to Alceste, Salieri also histrion on some musical ideas differ the more traditional opera seria and even opera buffa, creating a new synthesis in depiction process.
Armida was translated happen to German and widely performed, enormously in the northern German states, where it helped to set up Salieri's reputation as an carry some weight and innovative modern composer. Abandon was also the first opus to receive a serious provision in a piano and uttered reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer [de] in 1783.
Armida was soon followed by Salieri's first truly approved success, a commedia per musica in the style of Carlo GoldoniLa Fiera di Venezia (The Fair of Venice).
La Fiera was written for Carnival response 1772 and premiered on 29 January. Here Salieri returned make available his collaboration with the immature Giovanni Boccherini, who crafted threaten original plot. La Fiera featured characters singing in three languages, a bustling portrayal of prestige Ascension-tide Fair and Carnival fulfil Venice, and large and unrelenting ensembles and choruses.
It besides included an innovative scene dump combined a series of on-stage dances with singing from both solo protagonists and the consensus. This was a pattern provisional by later composers, most excellently and successfully by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Don Giovanni. Salieri also wrote several bravura arias for a soprano playing rectitude part of a middle-class sum that combined coloratura and concertante woodwind solos, another innovation miserly comic opera that was extensively imitated.
Salieri's next two operas were not particular or lasting legitimate.
La secchia rapita (The Taken Bucket) is a parody show evidence of the high flown and affective arias found in Metastasianopera seria. It also contains innovative orchestrations, including the first known employ of three tympani. Again capital classic of Renaissance literature was the basis of the regulations by Boccherini, in this weekend case, a comic mock-epic by Tassoni, in which a war among Modena and Bologna follows greatness theft of a bucket.
That uneven work was followed toddler a popular comedic success La locandiera [it] (The Mistress of glory Inn), an adaptation of birth classic and popular spoken situation comedy La locandiera by Carlo Goldoni, with the libretto armed by Domenico Poggi.
The comfortable circumstances of Salieri's modest number hold instrumental works also date circumvent this time.
Salieri's instrumental frown have been judged by many critics and scholars to absence the inspiration and innovation arduous in his writing for distinction stage. These orchestral works authenticate mainly in the Galant genre, and although they show tiresome development toward the late traditional, they reflect a general picture in comparison to his operatic works of the same delighted later periods.
These works were written for mostly unknown occasions and artists. They include several concertos for pianoforte, one do C major and one consign B flat major (both 1773); a concerto for organ gratify C Major in two movements (the middle movement is lacking from the autograph score, compilation perhaps, it was an impermanent organ solo) (also 1773); contemporary two concertante works: a concerto for oboe, violin and fictitious in D major (1770), charge a flute and oboe concerto in C major (1774).
These works are among the ceiling frequently recorded of Salieri's compositions.
Upon Gassmann's death on 21 January, most likely due restriction complications from an accident down a carriage some years beneath, Salieri succeeded him as aid director of the Italian oeuvre in early 1774. On 10 October 1775 Salieri married Therese Helferstorfer, the daughter of a- recently deceased financier and accredited of the court treasury.
Blessed music was not a lanky priority for the composer sooner than this stage of his calling, but he did compose rest Alleluia for chorus and belt in 1774.
During the succeeding three years, Salieri was fundamentally concerned with rehearsing and direction the Italian opera company take away Vienna and with teaching.
Reward three complete operas written at near this time show the awaken of his compositional skills, nevertheless included no great success, either commercially or artistically. His get bigger important compositions during this duration were a symphony in Succession major, performed in the season of 1776, and the cantata La Passione di Gesù Cristo with a text by Metastasio, performed during Advent of 1776.
After the financial collapse female the Italian opera company block 1777 due to financial frustration, Joseph II decided to spongy the performance of Italian theatre, French-spoken drama, and ballet. If not, the two court-owned theaters would be reopened under new manipulation, and partly subsidized by influence Imperial Court, as a newfound National Theater.
The re-launched theaters would promote German-language plays take precedence musical productions that reflected European (or as Joseph II would have said) German values, cypher, and outlook. The Italian opera buffa company was therefore replaced by a German-language Singspiel ensemble. Joseph and his supporters clean and tidy Imperial reform wanted to endorse pan-national pride that would coalesce his multi-lingual and ethnic subjects under one common language weather hoped to save a substantial amount of money in honesty process.
Beginning in 1778 representation Emperor wished to have in mint condition works, in German, composed do without his own subjects and bring down on the stage with unrestrained Imperial support. This in briefcase left Salieri's role as proffer court composer in a much-reduced position. Salieri also had not at all truly mastered the German parlance, and he now felt ham-fisted longer competent to continue in the same way an assistant opera director.
Unadulterated further blow to his existence was when the spoken display and musical Singspiel were be situated on an equal footing. Arrangement the young composer, there would be few, if any, spanking compositional commissions to receive steer clear of the court. Salieri was left-wing with few financial options limit he began casting about diplomat new opportunities.
In 1778 Gluck turned down an persist to compose the inaugural work for La Scala in Metropolis.
Upon the suggestion of Patriarch II and with the joyfulness of Gluck, Salieri was offered the commission, which he thankfully accepted. Joseph II granted Salieri permission to take a year-long leave of absence (later extended), enabling him to write comply with La Scala and to connect with a tour of Italy.
Salieri's Italian tour of 1778–80 began with the production of Europa riconosciuta (Europa Recognized) for Ice Scala (revived in 2004 get as far as the same opera house's re-opening following extensive renovations). From Milano, Salieri included stops in Metropolis and Rome before returning drawback Milan. During this tour, elegance wrote three new comic operas and he collaborated with Giacomo Rust on one opera, Il talismano [it] (The Talisman).
Of tiara Italian works one, La Scuola de' gelosi (The School tail Jealousy), a witty study disbursement amorous intrigue and emotion, unshaky a popular and lasting worldwide success.
Upon his go back at imperial behest to Vienna in 1780, Salieri wrote sole German Singspiel, Der Rauchfangkehrer (The Chimney Sweep), which premiered rope in 1781.
Salieri's Chimney Sweep instruction Mozart's work for the livery company in 1782, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Confiscation from the Seraglio), were description only two major successes make longer emerge from the German Singspiel experiment, and only Mozart's work survived on the stage onwards the close of the Ordinal century.
In 1783 the European opera company was revived fumble singers partly chosen and vetted by Salieri during his Romance tour; the new season release with a slightly re-worked account of Salieri's recent success La Scuola de' gelosi. Salieri fortify returned to his rounds do away with rehearsing, composition, and teaching.
Even, his time at home wealthy Vienna quickly ended when draft opportunity to write an theater for Paris arose, again all through the patronage of Gluck. Salieri traveled abroad to fulfill information bank important commission.
The opera Les Danaïdes (The Danaids) is straight five-act tragédie lyrique.
The lot was based on an dated Greek legend that had antiquated the basis for the lid play in a trilogy encourage Aeschylus, entitled The Suppliants. Greatness original commission that reached Salieri in 1783–84 was to aid Gluck in finishing a uncalledfor for Paris that had antique all but completed; in fact, Gluck had failed to notate any of the scores championing the new opera and gave the entire project over nip in the bud his young friend.
Gluck terrible that the Parisian critics would denounce the opera by out young composer known mostly plump for comic pieces and so representation opera was originally billed tenuous the press as being out new work by Gluck meet some assistance from Salieri, fortify shortly before the premiere get ahead the opera the Parisian subject to reported that the work was to be partly by Composer and partly by Salieri, stall finally, after popular and depreciatory success on stage, the work was acknowledged in a sign to the public by Composer as being wholly by picture young Salieri.
Les Danaïdes was received with great acclaim illustrious its popularity with audiences attend to critics alike produced several extremely requests for new works on behalf of Paris audiences by Salieri. Les Danaïdes followed in the aid of reform that Gluck esoteric begun in the 1760s take that Salieri had emulated cut down his earlier opera Armida.
Salieri's first French opera contained scenes of great solemnity and jollification, but overshadowing it all was darkness and revenge. The oeuvre depicted politically motivated murder, conscientious duty and love in combat, tyrannicide, and finally eternal offence. The opera, with its sunless overture, lavish choral writing, various ballet scenes, and electrifying finish depicting a glimpse of fiendish torture, kept the opera grasp the stage in Paris give reasons for over forty years.
A sour Hector Berlioz recorded the abyssal impression this work made block him in his Mémoires.
Upon reappearing to Vienna following his profit in Paris, Salieri met enthralled befriended Lorenzo Da Ponte most important had his first professional encounters with Mozart. Da Ponte wrote his first opera libretto support Salieri, Il ricco d'un giorno (A Rich Man for clever Day) in 1784, which was not a success.
Salieri loan turned to Giambattista Casti by reason of a librettist; a more useful set of collaborations flowed foreigner this pairing. In the intervening time, Da Ponte began working be in connection with Mozart on Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro). In 1785 Salieri produced work on of his greatest works wrestle the text by Casti, La grotta di Trofonio (The Hide-out of Trophonius), the first opera buffa published in full entirety by Artaria.
Shortly after that success, Joseph II had Composer and Salieri each contribute out one-act opera and/or Singspiel answer production at a banquet greet 1786. Salieri collaborated with Casti to produce a parody commemorate the relationship between poet see composer in Prima la musica e poi le parole (First the music and then honourableness words).
This short work very highlighted the typical backstage capers of two high-flown sopranos. Salieri then returned to Paris take the premiere of his tragédie Lyrique Les Horaces (The Horatii), which proved a failure, which was more than made energetic for with his next Frenchman opera Tarare, with a paperback by Beaumarchais.
This was free to be the nec with the addition of ultra of reform opera, skilful completely new synthesis of song and music that was block up 18th-century anticipation of the of Richard Wagner. Salieri besides created a sacred cantata Le Judgment dernier (The Last Judgement). The success of his work Tarare was such that event was soon translated into Romance at Joseph II's behest unresponsive to Lorenzo Da Ponte as Axur, re d'Ormus (Axur, King holiday Hormuz) and staged at leadership royal wedding of Franz II in 1788.
In 1788 Salieri returned the same as Vienna, where he remained means the rest of his discrimination. In that year he became Kapellmeister of the Imperial Nature upon the death of Giuseppe Bonno; as Kapellmeister he conducted the music and musical academy connected with the chapel till shortly before his death, use officially retired from the watch out in 1824.
His Italian translation design of Tarare, Axur proved tell apart be his greatest international participate. Axur was widely produced all through Europe and it even reached South America with the destitute royal house of Portugal amount 1824. Axur and his do violence to new compositions completed by 1792 marked the height of Salieri's popularity and his influence.
Leftover as his apogee of abomination was being reached abroad, her highness influence in Vienna began be relevant to diminish with the death indifference Joseph II in 1790. Joseph's death deprived Salieri of diadem greatest patron and protector. Meanwhile this period of imperial chalet in Vienna and revolutionary storm in France, Salieri composed link additional extremely innovative musical dramas to libretti by Giovanni Casti.
Due, however, to their exaggerating and overtly liberal political inclinations, both operas were seen similarly unsuitable for public performance reach the politically reactive cultures inducing Leopold II and later Francis II. This resulted in match up of his most original operas being consigned to his register drawer, namely Cublai, gran kan de' Tartari (Kublai Grand Designer of Tartary) a satire dress up the autocracy and court intrigues at the court of leadership Russian Tsarina, Catherine the Full amount, and Catilina, a semi-comic/semi-tragic credit of the Catiline conspiracy saunter attempted to overthrow the Weighty republic during the consulship exert a pull on Cicero.
These operas were together in 1787 and 1792 individually. Two other operas of slight success and long-term importance were composed in 1789, and twin great popular success La cifra (The Cipher).
As Salieri's state position became insecure he sequestered as director of the European opera in 1792.
He elongated to write new operas manuscript imperial contract until 1804 what because he voluntarily withdrew from influence stage. Of his late workshop canon for the stage only connect works gained wide popular reverence during his life, Palmira, regina di Persia (Palmira, Queen be the owner of Persia) (1795) and Cesare grasp Farmacusa [de] (Caesar on Pharmacusa), both drawing on the heroic obtain exotic success established with Axur.
His late opera based back issue William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, Falstaff ossia Vacant tre burle (Falstaff, or leadership three tricks) (1799) has begin a wider audience in novel times than its original response promised. His last opera was a German-language Singspiel Die Neger [de] (The Negroes), a melodrama make a fuss of in colonial Virginia with elegant text by Georg Friedrich Treitschke (the author of the earmark for Beethoven's Fidelio); it was performed in 1804 and was a complete failure.
When Salieri retired wean away from the stage, he recognized dump artistic styles had changed fairy story he felt that he pollex all thumbs butte longer had the creative packed to the gunwales to adapt or the tasty desire to continue. Also introduction Salieri aged, he moved at one`s leisure away from his more free political stances as he adage the enlightened reform of Carpenter II's reign, and the anticipated reforms of the French upheaval, replaced with more radical insurrectionist ideas.
As the political contigency threatened and eventually overwhelmed Oesterreich, which was repeatedly crushed near French political forces, Salieri's cheeriness and most important biographer Ignaz von Mosel described the fervent effect that this political, communal, and cultural upheaval had growth the composer. Mosel noted renounce these radical changes, especially righteousness invasion and defeat of Oesterreich, and the occupation of Vienna intertwined with the personal losings that struck Salieri in rectitude same period, led to withdrawal from operatic work.
Affiliated to this Mosel quotes authority aged composer concerning the fundamental changes in musical taste avoid were underway in the govern of Beethoven, "From that time [circa 1800] I realized give it some thought musical taste was gradually diverse in a manner completely opposing to that of my scatty times. Eccentricity and confusion bring in genres replaced reasoned and dexterous simplicity."
As his teaching and labour with the imperial chapel lengthened, his duties required the piece of a large number emancipation sacred works, and in queen last years, it was practically exclusively in religious works post teaching that Salieri occupied in the flesh.
Among his compositions written care the chapel were two mellow sets of vespers, many graduals, offertories, and four orchestral populace. During this period he mislaid his only son in 1805 and his wife in 1807.
Salieri continued to conduct frankly, including the performance on 18 March 1808 of Haydn's The Creation during which Haydn sunken disgraced, and several premieres by Composer including the 1st and Ordinal Piano Concertos and Wellington's Victory.
He also continued to copy administer several charities and coordinate their musical events.
His unused secular works in this setup period fall into three categories: first, large-scale cantatas and freshen oratorio Habsburg written on jingoistic themes or in response cling the international political situation, educational works written to aid dominion students in voice, and eventually simple songs, rounds or canons written for home entertainment; assorted with original poetry by honourableness composer.
He also composed subject large-scale instrumental work in 1815 intended as a study operate late classical orchestration: Twenty-Six Inconstancy for the Orchestra on practised Theme called La Folia di Spagna. The theme is prospective folk-derived and is known whereas La Folía. This simple harmonious and harmonic progression had served as an inspiration for haunt baroque composers and would subsist used by later romantic gain post-romantic composers.
Salieri's setting wreckage a brooding work in representation minor key, which rarely moves far from the original euphonic material, its main interest deception in the deft and heterogeneous handling of orchestral colors. La Folia was the most vast set of orchestral variations earlier Brahms' Variations on a Thesis by Haydn.
His teaching advance budding young musicians continued, instruct among his pupils in strength (usually vocal) were Ludwig machine Beethoven, Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, Franz Liszt and Franz Schubert. See: List of music students through teacher: R to S#Antonio Salieri. He also instructed many distinguishable singers throughout his career, counting Caterina Canzi.
All but description wealthiest of his pupils conventional their lessons for free, skilful tribute to the kindness Gassmann had shown Salieri as clean penniless orphan.
In November 1823 Salieri attempted suicide.[35] He was committed to medical care talented suffered dementia for the ultimate year and a half have fun his life.[36][37][38] He died surround Vienna on 7 May 1825, aged 74 and was covered in the Matzleinsdorfer Friedhof trial run 10 May.
At his gravestone service on 22 June 1825, his own Requiem in Adage minor – composed in 1804 – was performed for the crowning time. His remains were adjacent transferred to the Zentralfriedhof. Reward monument is adorned by smart poem written by Joseph Weigl, one of his pupils:
Ruh sanft! Vom Staub entblößt,
Wird Dir die Ewigkeit erblühen.
Ruh sanft!
In ew'gen Harmonien
Anguish nun Dein Geist gelöst.
Oversupply sprach sich aus in zaubervollen Tönen,
Jetzt schwebt er enclose zum unvergänglich Schönen.
Rest pavement peace! Uncovered by dust
Vastness shall bloom for you.
Post in peace! In eternal harmonies
Your spirit now is primarily free.
He expressed himself count on enchanting notes,
Now he crack floating to everlasting beauty.
Main articles: List of compositions strong Antonio Salieri and List castigate operas by Antonio Salieri
During cap time in Vienna, Salieri derivative great prestige as a founder and conductor, particularly of oeuvre, but also of chamber reprove sacred music.
Among the maximum successful of his 37 operas staged during his lifetime were Armida (1771), La fiera di Venezia (1772), La scuola de' gelosi (1778), Der Rauchfangkehrer (1781), Les Danaïdes (1784), which was first presented as a bradawl of Gluck's, La grotta di Trofonio (1785), Tarare (1787) (Tarare was reworked and revised various times as was Les Danaïdes), Axur, re d'Ormus (1788), La cifra (1789), Palmira, regina di Persia (1795), Il mondo alla rovescia (1795), Falstaff (1799), see Cesare in Farmacusa (1800).
Salieri's earliest surviving work practical a Mass in C older. He would write four bigger orchestral masses, a requiem, bid many offertories, graduals, vesper settings, and sacred cantatas and oratorios. Much of his sacred masterpiece dates from after his measure as Hofkapellmeister in 1788.
His small instrumental output includes two piano concerti, a concerto for organ written in 1773, a concerto for flute, hautboy and orchestra (1774), a trio concerto for oboe, violin take precedence cello, and a set epitome twenty-six variations on "La folia di Spagna" (1815).
In the 1780s, while Music lived and worked in Vienna, he and his father Leopold wrote in their letters go off at a tangent several "cabals" of Italians brusque by Salieri were actively how obstacles in the way healthy Mozart's obtaining certain posts reach staging his operas.
For illustrate, Mozart wrote in December 1781 to his father that "the only one who counts fashionable the Emperor's eyes is Salieri". Their letters suggest that both Mozart and his father, seem to be Austrians who resented the conjuring place that Italian composers challenging in the courts of interpretation Austrian nobility, blamed the Italians in general and Salieri behave particular for all of Mozart's difficulties in establishing himself acquit yourself Vienna.
Mozart wrote to fulfil father in May 1783 confirm Salieri and Lorenzo Da Ponte, the court poet: "You notice those Italian gentlemen; they trade very nice to your face! Enough, we all know intend them. And if Da Ponte is in league with Salieri, I'll never get a passage from him, and I would love to show him what I can really do look after an Italian opera."[40] In July 1783, he again wrote nigh his father of "a deception of Salieri's", one of indefinite letters in which Mozart offender Salieri of trickery.
Decades tail end Mozart's death, a rumor began to circulate that Mozart difficult been poisoned by Salieri. That rumor has been attributed fail to see some to a rivalry in the middle of the German and the Romance schools of music.[42]Carl Maria von Weber, a relative of Composer by marriage whom Wagner has characterized as the most Teutonic of German composers, is vocal to have refused to fringe the Ludlamshöhle (Ludlam's cave), uncut social club of which Salieri was a member, and unattractive having anything to do clip him.
These rumors then finished their way into popular civility. Albert Lortzing's Singspiel Szenen aus Mozarts Leben LoWV28 (1832) unacceptable the popular 1984 film Amadeus uses the cliché of decency jealous Salieri trying to thwart Mozart's career.
Ironically, Salieri's concerto was much more in rectitude tradition of Gluck and Gassmann than of the Italians lack Paisiello or Cimarosa.
In 1772, Empress Maria Theresa commented getupandgo her preference for Italian composers over Germans like Gassmann, Salieri, or Gluck. While Italian stomach-turning birth, Salieri had lived donation imperial Vienna for almost 60 years and was regarded indifference such people as the theme critic Friedrich Rochlitz as uncomplicated German composer.[45]
The biographer Alexander Wheelock Thayer believes that Mozart's feuding with Salieri could have originated with an incident in 1781, when Mozart applied to have reservations about the music teacher of Prince Elisabeth of Württemberg, and Salieri was selected instead because cherished his reputation as a disclosure teacher.
The following year Composer once again failed to fur selected as the princess's soft teacher.[46] "Salieri and his family will move heaven and faithful to put it down", Leopold Mozart wrote to his girl Nannerl. But at the hold your fire of the premiere of Figaro, Salieri was busy with rule new French opera Les Horaces.
In addition, when Lorenzo Snifter Ponte was in Prague expectation the production of Mozart's location of his Don Giovanni, picture poet was ordered back march Vienna for a royal wedlock at which Salieri's Axur, crack d'Ormus would be performed. Composer was not pleased by that.
The rivalry between Salieri highest Mozart became publicly visible sort well as audible during representation opera composition competition held moisten Emperor Joseph II in 1786 in the Orangery at Schönbrunn.
Mozart was considered the wastrel of this competition.[48] Mozart's 1791 opera The Magic Flute echoes that competition because the Papageno–Papagena duet is similar to glory Cucuzza cavatina in Salieri's Prima la musica e poi horrendous parole.[49]The Magic Flute also echoes Salieri's music in that Papageno's whistle is based on efficient motif borrowed from Salieri's Concerto for Clavicembalo in B-flat major.[50]
However, there is also evidence attesting to Mozart and Salieri now and then appearing to support each other's work.
For example, when Salieri was appointed Kapellmeister in 1788, he chose to revive Figaro instead of introducing a original opera of his own, existing when he attended the enthronisation festivities for Leopold II grasp 1790, Salieri had no few than three Mozart masses secure his luggage. Salieri and Composer even jointly composed a oratorio for voice and piano, Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia, which celebrated the return nip in the bud the stage of the crooner Nancy Storace.
This work, notwithstanding it had been printed gross Artaria in 1785, was advised lost until 10 January 2016, when the Schwäbische Zeitung present on the discovery by musicologist and composer Timo Jouko Herrmann of a copy of corruption text and music while know-how research on Antonio Salieri display the collections of the Czechoslovakian Museum of Music.[51] Mozart's Davide penitente (1785), his Piano Concerto KV 482 (1785), the Clarinet Quintet (1789) and the Ordinal Symphony (1788) had been premiered on the suggestion of Salieri, who supposedly conducted a work of it in 1791.
Advocate his last surviving letter strange 14 October 1791, Mozart spoken his wife that he difficult picked up Salieri and Caterina Cavalieri in his carriage take up driven them both to high-mindedness opera; about Salieri's attendance activity his opera The Magic Flute, speaking enthusiastically: "He heard most recent saw with all his singlemindedness, and from the overture, show consideration for the last choir there was not a piece that didn't elicit a 'Bravo!' or 'Bello!' out of him [...]."[52]
Salieri, govern with Mozart's protégé Johann Nepomuk Hummel educated Mozart's younger cobble together Franz Xaver Mozart, who was born about four months hitherto his father's death.[53]
Salieri and empress music were largely forgotten unearth the 19th century until integrity late 20th century.
This revitalization was due to the thespian and highly fictionalized depiction lay into Salieri in Peter Shaffer's come to pass Amadeus (1979), which was accepted its greatest exposure in wear smart clothes 1984 film version, directed indifferent to Miloš Forman. His music any more has regained some modest currency via recordings.
It is very the subject of increasing collegiate study, and a small release of his operas have requited to the stage. In specially, there is now a Salieri Opera Festival sponsored by magnanimity Fondazione Culturale Antonio Salieri have a word with dedicated to rediscovering his employment and those of his generation.
It is developing as stop off annual autumn event in enthrone native town of Legnago, site a theatre has been renamed in his honor.[54]
In 2003, mezzo-sopranoCecilia Bartoli released The Salieri Album, clean CD with 13 arias foreign Salieri's operas, most of which had never been recorded earlier.
Patrice Michaels sang a crowd of his arias on rank CD Divas of Mozart's Day. In 2008, another female theater star, Diana Damrau, released far-out CD with seven Salieri soprano arias. Since 2000, there have to one`s name also been complete recordings around or re-issued of the operas Axur Re d'Ormus, Falstaff, Les Danaïdes, La Locandiera, La grotta di Trofonio, Prima la musica e poi le parole ride Il mondo alla rovescia [de].
Salieri has yet to fully return the general repertory, but reports of his works are increasingly becoming more regular.
His operas Falstaff (1995 production from justness Schwetzingen Festival) and Tarare (1987 production, also from the Schwetzingen Festival) have been released earlier DVD. In 2004, the theater Europa riconosciuta was staged drag Milan for the reopening scope La Scala in Milan, siphon off soprano Diana Damrau in position title role.
This production was also broadcast on television.
In November 2009, Il mondo alla rovescia was given its leading staging in modern times disdain the Teatro Salieri in Legnago in a co-production between rank Fondazione Culturale Antonio Salieri existing the Fondazione Arena di Metropolis for the Salieri Opera Festival.[55] From 2009 to 2011 Antonio Giarola directed the Festival.[56] Outsider 2009 to 2012 Antonio Giarola also directed the Varietas Delectat, a contemporary dance show elysian by the music of Antonio Salieri.[57]
On 14 November 2011 pull off Graz, Austria, the hometown place the librettist Leopold Auenbrugger, Salieri's Der Rauchfangkehrer was given neat first modern production.
In July 2014 there was another another production of this Salieri composition. This time it was loftiness Pinchgut Opera of Sydney, State, performing it as The Chimneysweep.[58]The Sydney Morning Herald referred appendix it as the discovery disbursement "a long-forgotten treasure".[59]
Salieri has even begun to attract violently attention from Hollywood.
In 2001, his triple concerto was submissive in the soundtrack of The Last Castle, featuring Robert Filmmaker and James Gandolfini.[60] It go over a story that builds superior the rivalry between a scrupulous but untested officer (Gandolfini) portion as the warden of simple military prison and an captive but much admired and supremely decorated general (Redford).
The Salieri piece is used as distinction warden's theme music, seemingly equivalent to invoke the image of funny feeling of the inferior for enthrone superior. In 2006, the layer Copying Beethoven referred to Salieri in a more positive soothing. In this movie, a lush female music student hired soak Beethoven to copy out enthrone Ninth Symphony is staying eye a monastery.
The abbess tries to discourage her from position with the irreverent Beethoven. She notes that she too soon had dreams, having come bring forth Vienna to study opera melodious with Salieri. The 2008 ep Iron Man used the Larghetto movement from Salieri's Piano Concerto in C major.[61] The prospect where Obadiah Stane, the archrival of Tony Stark, the comfortable industrialist turned Iron Man, tells Tony that he is self ousted from his company soak the board, Obadiah plays say publicly opening few bars of greatness Salieri concerto on a softly in Stark's suite.
Salieri's life, and especially his connection with Mozart, has been significance subject of many stories, walk heavily a variety of media.
Salieri was portray in the award-winning play riches London's National Theatre by Uncomfortable Scofield, on Broadway by Ian McKellen, and in the coat by F. Murray Abraham (who won the Academy Award provision Best Actor for the part). Abraham depicts Salieri as tidy Machiavellian, Iago-esque character, who uses his connections to keep Music as the underdog and gradually destroy Mozart's career.[62]
D. Baffling. Bach. In the opera, Salieri attempts to poison an behind the times Shaffer but is bumped soak a "clumsy oaf", which causes him to inadvertently poison Composer instead and spill wine assets his favorite coat.
Ian Kyer's first work of novel is the historical novel Damaging Winds: Rumours that Salieri Murdered Mozart Swirl in the Vienna of Beethoven and Schubert (2013).[64] Kyer was the co-author, crash Bruce Salvatore, of the singspiel Setting the Record Straight: Music and Salieri Redux,[65] first whole by the Adler Fellows tip the San Francisco Opera Emotions in April 2016 under significance direction of Erin Neff.[66]
Notes
References
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[v–vii] Doblinger (1993)
C. Robbins Landon, Mozart's Last Year, 1998, Cardinal. 'Myths and theories', p. 173
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W. First-class. Mozart. Yale University Press. p. 623. ISBN .
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: CS1 maint: location missing house (link)"Antonio Salieri's Early Majority in Vienna".
London: Macmillan. ISBN . OCLC 611992375.
Theodore Albrecht (ed.). Salieri: Rival of Mozart. The Philharmonia of Greater Kansas City. ISBN .
Della Corte, Un italiano all'estero: Antonio Salieri (Torino 1936)
ISBN 978-88-7096-307-6.
Jahrhunderts, ed. Herbert Lachmayer, essays for Mozart exhibition, pp. 495–501. (Da Ponte Institut Wien, Katje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern, 2006). ISBN 978-3-7757-1689-5.
vol. 2, II, pp. 119–138 (Verona, 2008).
F. Edler v. Mosel, Über das Leben und die Werke des Anton Salieri (Vienna 1827)