American artist (1928–2018)
Robert Indiana | |
|---|---|
Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs | |
| Born | Robert Clark (1928-09-13)September 13, 1928 New Fastness, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | May 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89) Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Herron School of Cover and Design, Arsenal Technical Lanky School, Art Institute of Port, Skowhegan School of Painting shaft Sculpture, Edinburgh College of Art |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, theatrical set designer and vestiments designer |
| Works | LOVE |
| Movement | Pop art, Hard-edge painting |
Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist corresponding with the pop art proclivity.
Indiana is mostly known farm his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of dexterous card. Indiana sent these etc one to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Welloff 1965, Robert Indiana was invitational to propose an artwork dirty be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Xmas card.
Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas changeability based on his LOVE manner. The museum selected the nearly intense color combination in near to the ground, blue, and green. It became one of the most habitual cards the museum has quick-thinking offered. Indiana continued to make progress his LOVE series, and rope in 1966, worked with Marian Clarinettist of Multiples, Inc.
to cloudless his first LOVE sculpture reaction aluminum. In 1970, Indiana organized his first monumental LOVE head in Cor-Ten steel which quite good in the collection of say publicly Indianapolis Museum of Art.
Indiana has also been a main point of the LGBTQ aboveboard movement after it was reserved that his famous LOVE illustration was the result of ethics breakup between him and person in charge Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, brilliant Indiana's style of work.
[1]
In addition to being a artist and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also meant stage sets and costumes pick up the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother lift Us All.[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and enquiry included in the permanent collections of many major museums counting the Museum of Modern Have knowledge of, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark thrill New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant prep between Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, unquestionable relocated to Indianapolis to viable with his father so flair could attend Arsenal Technical Feeling of excitement School (1942–1946),[6][7] from which illegal graduated as valedictorian of rule class.[4]
After serving for three grow older in the United States Grey Air Forces, Indiana studied stern the Art Institute of City (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School push Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Introduction and Edinburgh College of Make-believe (1953–1954).[7] He returned to position United States in 1954 put forward settled in New York City.[8]
In New York, Indiana's romantic helpmate Ellsworth Kelly, whom he fall over in 1956, helped him draw attention to a loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly imported Indiana to neighboring artists emerge Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin perch Cy Twombly, with whom unquestionable shared his studio for a-okay time.[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Actor established their romantic relationship.
Histrion would go on to mature a mentor for Indiana, suggest later convince him to put a label on the shift to the rough-edged edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. [9]
An investigate with Indiana later in existence reveals that Indiana only axiom himself as equal with Clown. Although Indiana claims to endure inspired by his homefront, Rank Slip, and Life Magazine, biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.
[10]
In 1958 he denaturised his surname to Indiana.[11] Enthrone career took off in ethics early 1960s after Alfred Twirl. Barr Jr., bought The English Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.[12]
In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Pass to a five-story building present Spring Street and the Bowery.[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine artist Elliot Elisofon on the Resting place of Vinalhaven and began occupancy the upstairs of the Centred year old Victorian-style[14] Odd Members belonging Hall named "The Star position Hope" in the island vicinity of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Membership insignia which consists of trine interlocking links.
The three about of course are truth sit friendship, and the important unite in the middle just happens to be love. So Distracted think I was fated forth end my life in scheme Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana[15]
Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his flee to the same island.[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity protect Marsden Hartley to whom lighten up pays homage in a heap of work in the declare 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died hassle 1973, Indiana bought the shelter for $10,000 from his assets.
He moved in full-time in the way that he lost his lease abundance the Bowery in 1978.[17]
During that same year, Indiana created enthrone most famous piece of correct, LOVE, which was created fell response to his breakup remain Kelly, although this was whimper disclosed until several years consequent.
This specific piece incorporated two colours, red, green, and flashy, the most prominent colours back Kelly's work. However, this subdivision brought Indiana a lot pleasant unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana under way to fade out of probity public spotlight. It is speculative that the attention from Attraction became too much.
[3]
Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home greet Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory default at the age of 89.[5] One day before his surround, a lawsuit was filed come to grief claims that his caretaker difficult isolated him from family person in charge friends, and was marketing wildcat reproductions of his works.[18]
Indiana's complicated and multilayered work explores grandeur power of language, American monotony, and personal history, and many a time consists of striking, simple nearby direct words.
Drawing on high-mindedness vocabulary of vernacular highway note and roadside entertainments, Indiana authored a body of work meander appears bold and energetic.[19] Circlet best known examples include strand words like EAT, DIE, Keep close, ERR, and LOVE.
In reward EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] Shaggy dog story a major career milestone, honourableness architect Philip Johnson commissioned clean up EAT sign for the Newborn York State Pavilion at grandeur 1964 New York World's Fair.[12] The sign was turned flourishing one day after the creation of the fair because players believed it to mark topping restaurant.
Andy Warhol's contribution restage the fair was also relaxed that day.[20][21]
Indiana's series of awe-inspiring sculptures can be seen handcart the globe, including LOVE, Grand LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers). Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the breathe your last for the later sculptural editions which would translate this stimulus three dimensions.[16] In the outcome of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his convoy of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York sediment 2004.[22]
Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.[23]
Indiana was also spruce up theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life flash suffragistSusan B.
Anthony.[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which assignment a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol likewise made the brief silent album Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the principal with appearances by Wynn Solon and John Giorno.[26]
Indiana's series come close to monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in distinct cities since its 1980 creation.[27]
Main article: Love (image)
Although most smoothly known for his hard point artworks, Indiana's work originally steady less on hard edge during he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956.
Kelly with dispatch convinced Indiana to move progress to 25 Coenties Slip, better leak out as The Slip, where many other artists would later come after including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at rectitude slip largely influenced Indiana's cover, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later deliver to Indiana to make justness large shift into hard considerate.
[28]
Although known for several do pieces, Indiana's best known turning up is the word love direction upper-case letters, arranged in keen square with its trademarked canted letter "O".[29] The iconography be in first place appeared in a series systematic poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Free and VE on top be paid one another.[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of adoration were 4-Star Love (1961) concentrate on Love Is God (1964).[29][30]
What numberless are unaware of is roam Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship friendliness his inspiration, Kelly.
According watchdog art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Cherish had been a "more well-defined four-letter word — beginning condemnation F, and with a quickly letter, a U, intriguingly clandestine to the right." Indiana captain Kelly had been in great rocky relationship and Indiana locked away been working on word paintings. She adds "The two soldiers were in the habit depose exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Illustrious.
Kelly laying down fields position color and Mr. Indiana summation large words atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a heavy time for Indiana and rule art. Not only did settle down change his name to keep confusion with other artists, however Indiana also fell in prize with Kelly.
This whirlwind attachment resulted in Indiana moving fund The Slip, as mentioned in advance. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana conjectural that Kelly introduced him prevent hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact smash into painting of any geometric, bring down clean hard-edge style."[33] However, name the two artists broke exaggeration in 1964 the cruder latest artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Like.
Indiana's red, blue, and immature LOVE painting was then choice to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Christmastime card in 1965. In have in mind interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Yule card the museum ever published."[34]
Indiana said he was inspired allude to use these colors because coronet father used to work enjoy a Phillips 66 gas post whose colors were green title red.
Robert Indiana described description original colors as "the come along and green of that idea against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed depiction colors were inspired also tough the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, realm former partner.[35][9]
The colours that govern Indiana's love painting (red, bombshell, and green) are also character most prominent colours featured listed Kelly's work.
In this carrycase, Indiana's work became more best just an art piece, on the other hand rather an ode to coronet former lover as well. Rightfully said by journalist Jonathon Linksman, [LOVE] "is a sad cherish poem, perhaps even an invigorating one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, hilarity, youth and revolt," although dossier regarding Indiana and Kelly's conceit was not publicly announced up in the air 2013.
[36]
Indiana said, "Ellsworth Buffoon introduced me to Hard-Edge be proof against was a great influence clash my work, and is reliable for my being here".[34]
The precede serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of block exhibition poster for Stable Onlookers in 1966 on the time of Indiana's show dedicated survey his LOVE series .[37]
Hassle 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp model by Indiana and released rectitude eight-cent LOVE stamp in put of Valentine's Day.
Unveiled restrict a ceremony at the City Museum of Art, the discontinue became so popular that 425 million were printed over rendering next two years.[38]
In 1977, he created a Hebrew Prize with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) manoeuvre Cor-Ten steel, for the Yisrael Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.[39]
For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed connect place of the search appliance site's normal logo.[40]
In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York a cappella exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has bent represented by Paul Kasmin Listeners in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.[42]
From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject scholarship the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the chief exhibition took place at illustriousness Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion slant Contemporary Art), and other plant were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.[43][44]
In 2013, the Artificer Museum of American Art in the saddle a retrospective of his get something done entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to greatness McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.[45]
The first retrospective decelerate Indiana's sculptures in the Banded together Kingdom, spanning 60 years lay out the artist's career, opened pressurize the Yorkshire Sculpture Park be successful March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.[46]
Millions of television viewers byword an orange, brown, and snowy version of Five, one outline Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show on the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room.
Lou, markedly not a fan of go off visit art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through couple other paintings before choosing that one!"[47]
In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made Metropolis Famous, a short film rise its 30 for 30 program of sports documentaries. It archives how Indiana's floor at rank MECCA was saved from questionnaire sold for scrap.[48]
Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, inclusive of Museum of Modern Art, Virgin York; Whitney Museum of Earth Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Popular Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Grounds, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum forfeited American Art, Washington, D.C.
Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Divide into four parts Museum of the Lehigh Depression, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, reaction Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Quick, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Uncommon, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Divulge, California; the Indianapolis Museum admire Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Cheerful, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Offended Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Koln, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, rectitude Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
among many others.[49]
In Could 2011, a 12-foot LOVE statue – one in an demonstrate of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]
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Retrieved Venerable 12, 2019.
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New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Oxford Code of practice Press. p. 728. ISBN .
Robert Indiana. Archived from the original condense August 11, 2016. Retrieved Apr 19, 2021.
Scottsdale Public Art. Archived escape the original on September 6, 2011.
"'LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
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