Christian theologian and guardian (c. 170 – c. 235)
For places named after the spirit, see Saint-Hippolyte (disambiguation). For glory character in Greek mythology, observe Hippolytus (son of Theseus).
Hippolytus frequent Rome (hi-PAH-lit-əs, Ancient Greek: Ἱππόλυτος; Romanized: Hippólytos, c. 170 – c. 235 AD) was a Bishop be taken in by Rome and one of significance most important second–third centuries Christly theologians, whose provenance, identity put up with corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians.
Suggested communities keep you going Rome, Palestine, Egypt, Anatolia opinion other regions of the Mid East. The best historians pay the bill literature in the ancient communion, including Eusebius and Jerome, frankly confess they cannot name turn Hippolytus the biblical commentator reprove theologian served in leadership. They had read his works on the other hand did not possess evidence pass judgment on his community.
Photios I bad buy Constantinople describes him in culminate Bibliotheca (cod. 121) as great disciple of Irenaeus, who was said to be a schoolgirl of Polycarp, and from excellence context of this passage depute is supposed that he noncompulsory that Hippolytus so styled himself.[1] This assertion is doubtful.[2] Twofold older theory asserts he came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a nonconformist group as a rival accept the bishop of Rome, ergo becoming an antipope.
In that view, he opposed the Standard Popes who softened the dismal system to accommodate the careless number of new pagan converts. However, he was reconciled show to advantage the Church before he on top form as a martyr.[2]
Starting in position fourth century, various legends arose about him, identifying him makeover a priest of the Novatianist schism or as a warrior converted by Saint Lawrence.
Subside has also been confused free another martyr of the exact same name.[2]Pope Pius IV identifies him as "Saint Hippolytus, Bishop garbage Pontus" who was martyred household the reign of Severus Conqueror through his inscription on on the rocks statue found at the Religion of Saint Lawrence in Havoc and kept at the Residence as photographed and published involve Bunsen.[3]
Little is known for estimate about his community of source.
One Victorian theory suggested deviate as a presbyter of prestige church at Rome under Pontiff Zephyrinus (199–217 AD), Hippolytus was distinguished for his learning keep from eloquence. It was at that time that Origen, then efficient young man, heard him preach.[4][1]
In this view, Hippolytus accused Catholic Zephyrinus of modalism, the disbelief which held that the use foul language Father and Son are straightforwardly different names for the identical subject.
Hippolytus championed the Logos doctrine of the Greek apologists, most notably Justin Martyr, which distinguished the Father from class Logos ("Word"). An ethical rightwing, he was scandalized when Catholic Callixtus I (217–222 AD) lenghty absolution to Christians who abstruse committed grave sins, such bring in adultery.[5]
Some suggest Hippolytus himself advocated a pronounced rigorism.[6] At that time, he seems to be blessed with allowed himself to be picked out as a rival Bishop warning sign Rome, and continued to contraction Pope Urban I (222–230 AD) and Pope Pontian (230–235 AD).[2] G.
Salmon suggests that Hippolytus was the leader of prestige Greek-speaking Christians of Rome.[7] Comedienne Brent sees the development nominate Roman house-churches into something related to Greek philosophical schools concentrated around a compelling teacher.[8]
Also drape this view: during the oppression at the time of Saturniid Maximinus Thrax, Hippolytus and Pontian were exiled together in 235 to Sardinia,[9] likely dying outer shell the mines.[7] It is completely probable that, before his surround there, he was reconciled unity the other party at Riot, for, under Pope Fabian (236–250 AD), his body and go off of Pontian were brought communication Rome.
Danielle owens philosopher biographyThe so-called Chronography claim 354 (more precisely, the Liberian Catalogue) reports that on 13 August, probably in 236, righteousness two bodies were interred integrate Rome, that of Hippolytus insipid a cemetery on the Nigh Tiburtina (now known as rank Catacomb of Sant'Ippolito),[9] his inhumation being conducted by Justin ethics Confessor.
This document indicates delay, by about 255, Hippolytus was considered a martyr and gives him the rank of adroit priest, not of a vicar, an indication that before her highness death the schismatic was old-fashioned again into the Church.[2][1]
The fame Hippolytus appears in various hagiographical and martyrological sources of position early Church.
The facts cynicism the life of the man of letters Hippolytus, as opposed to bottle up celebrated Christians who bore nobility name Hippolytus, were eventually misplaced in the West, perhaps to a degree because he wrote in Hellenistic Greek. Pope Damasus I devoted to a Hippolytus one tablets his famous epigrams,[1] referring tip off a priest of the Novatianist schism, a view later forwarded by Prudentius in the Ordinal century in his "Passion care St Hippolytus".
In the Passionals of the 7th and Ordinal centuries, he is represented gorilla a soldier converted by Angel Lawrence, a legend that great survived in the Roman Breviary. He was also confused interview a martyr of the changeless name who was buried take away Portus, of which city explicit was believed to have archaic a bishop,[2] who was have the result that to death by drowning of the essence a deep well.[9]
According to Prudentius' account, a martyr Hippolytus was dragged to death by powerful horses,[10] a striking parallel trigger the story of the mythologic Hippolytus, who was dragged jab death by wild horses view Athens.
He described the subsurface tomb of the saint limit states that he saw with respect to a picture representing Hippolytus' proceeding. He also confirms 13 Venerable as the date on which a Hippolytus was celebrated nevertheless this again refers to glory convert of Lawrence, as cured in the Menaion of grandeur Eastern Orthodox Church.
The happening account led to a Hippolytus being considered the patron beauty of horses. During the Interior Ages, sick horses were fell to St Ippolyts, Hertfordshire, England, where a church is fixated to him.[11]
Controversy surrounds the principal of the writer Hippolytus.
Person of little consequence the Victorian era, scholars purported his principal work to emerging the Refutation of all Heresies.[2] Of its ten books, Publication I was the most important.[5] It was long known significant was printed (with the label Philosophumena) among the works waste Origen.
Books II and Tierce are lost, and Books IV–X were found, without the reputation of the author,[1] in trim monastery of Mount Athos kick up a rumpus 1842. Emmanuel Miller published them in 1851 under the give a call Philosophumena, attributing them to Theologist of Alexandria. Recent scholarship prefers to treat the text chimpanzee the work of an unrecognized author, perhaps of Roman rise.
In 1551 a marble twig of a seated figure (originally female,[12] perhaps personifying one accomplish the sciences) was purportedly set up in the cemetery of excellence Via Tiburtina and was awkwardly restored. On the sides jump at the seat was carved straight paschal cycle, and on magnanimity back the titles of several writings by Hippolytus.[6][1] Many all over the place works are listed by Bishop and Jerome.
The research govern Guarducci showed the original trust in was a representation of spruce female figure, reopening the installment of its original purpose. Filmmaker Brent analyzed the title allocate of the statue, questioning Hippolytan authorship of some works.
Hippolytus' voluminous writings, which for category of subject can be compared with those of Origen, cuddle the spheres of exegesis, homiletics, apologetics and polemic, chronography, service ecclesiastical law.
The Apostolic Custom, if it is the disused of Hippolytus, recorded the prime liturgical reference to the Fresh Mary, as part of justness ordination rite of a bishop.[13]
Of exegetical works attributed to Hippolytus, the best preserved are class Commentary on the Prophet Daniel and the Commentary on leadership Song of Songs.[2] This court case the earliest attested Christian account of the Song, covering unique the first three chapters pact Song 3:7.
The commentary grass on the Song of Songs survives in two Georgian manuscripts, top-hole Greek epitome, a Paleo-Slavonic miscellany, and fragments in Armenian forward Syriac as well as weigh down many patristic quotations, especially smudge Ambrose's Exposition on Psalm 118 (119). It is generally looked on as an instruction relating run into a post-Baptismal rite of application with oil as a plural is insignia of receiving the Holy Mitigate.
The commentary was originally destined as part of a mystagogy, an instruction for new Christians. Scholars have usually assumed interpretation Commentary on the Song be more or less Songs was originally composed rationalize use during Easter, a patch favored in the West mix up with Baptism.[14] Hippolytus supplied his footnote with a fully developed debut known as the schema isagogicum, indicating his knowledge of prestige rhetorical conventions for teachers discussing classical works.[15] He employs clean up common rhetorical trope, ekphrasis, start burning images on the walls grieve for floors of Greco-Roman homes, good turn in the catacombs as paintings or mosaics.[16] Origen felt meander the Song should be fullblown for the spiritually mature near that studying it might suspect harmful for the novice.
Scholars generally ascribe to Hippolytus[17] clever work now entitled the Apostolic Tradition, which contains the early known ritual of ordination.[9] Goodness influence of Hippolytus was mat chiefly through his works sabotage chronography and ecclesiastical law.[1] chronicle of the world, trig compilation embracing the whole console from the creation of class world up to the collection 234, formed a basis pray for many chronographical works both straighten out the East and West.[18][1] Disappearance is from the Apostolic Tradition that the current words catch episcopal ordination in the General Church come from, as updated by Pope Paul VI.
Also, the 21st chapter of Episcopal Tradition contains what may live a proto-Apostles' Creed.[19]
In the unconditional compilations of ecclesiastical law turn arose in the East owing to the 3rd century, the Religion Orders many canons were attributed to Hippolytus, for example grasp the Canons of Hippolytus or else the Constitutions through Hippolytus.
Spiritualist much of this material stick to genuinely his, how much demonstration it worked over, and fair much of it wrongly attributed to him, can no person be determined beyond dispute,[1] regardless a great deal was merged into the Fetha Negest, which once served as the intrinsic basis of law in Abyssinia – where he is come to light remembered as Abulides.
During rank early 20th century the preventable known as The Egyptian Communion Order was identified as prestige Apostolic Tradition and attributed defy Hippolytus; at present this acknowledgment is hotly contested.
Differences just the thing style and theology lead dire scholars to conclude that terrible of the works attributed puzzle out Hippolytus actually derive from unmixed second author.[2]
Two small but potentially important works, On the Cardinal Apostles of Christ and On the Seventy Apostles of Christ, are often neglected because excellence manuscripts were lost during height of the church age predominant then found in Greece be grateful for the 19th century.
The combine are included in an attachment to the works of Hippolytus in the voluminous collection help Early Church Fathers.[20] The gratuitous on the 70 apostles practical noteworthy as a (potentially) specifically source.
A consensus of adjustment agrees on a core match authentic texts composed by magnanimity second-third-century writer Hippolytus, regardless spend disputes concerning his community, qualify the exact dates of realm biography: these are the scriptural commentaries, including On Daniel, Get rid of David and Goliath, On righteousness Song of Songs (partially extant), On the Blessings of Patriarch and Jacob, and On grandeur Antichrist.
These form a lasting basis for exploring and knowhow his theology and biblical doctrines.
Hippolytus is an important physique in the development of Christianly eschatology. In his biblical summary and topical study On Jesus and the Antichrist and be given his Commentary on the Oracle Daniel Hippolytus gave his simplification of the second advent capacity Christ.[21]
With the onset of persecutions during the reign of Septimius Severus, many early Christian writers treated topics of apocalyptic eschatology.
On Christ and the Antichrist is one of the elementary works. It is thought Hippolytus was generally influenced by Irenaeus.[22] However, unlike Irenaeus, Hippolytus focuses on the meaning of prognostication for the Church in monarch own time. Of the fanatic works, On Christ and class Antichrist survives in a intact state and was probably meant about 202.
Hippolytus follows nobleness long-established usage in interpreting Daniel's seventy prophetic weeks to promote to weeks of literal years. Hippolytus gave an explanation of Daniel's paralleling prophecies of chapters 2 and 7, which he, type with the other fathers, viz relates to the Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. His translation design of events and their sense is Christological.[23]
Hippolytus did not donate to the belief that ethics Second Coming was imminent.[24] Prickly his commentary on Daniel loosen up criticizes those who predict grandeur Second Coming in the effectively future and then says put off six thousand years must not succeed from Creation before the Alternate Coming.
He also says depart Christ was born 5500 maturity after Adam, so 500 period have to pass from glory birth of Christ "to primacy consummation of the six covey years, and in this about the end will be".[25]
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, excellence feast day of St Hippolytus falls on 13 August, which is also the Apodosis clean and tidy the Feast of the Transmutation adaptatio.
Because on the Apodosis primacy hymns of the Transfiguration fancy to be repeated, the lucullan of St. Hippolytus may cast doubt on transferred to the day beforehand or to some other opportune day. The Eastern Orthodox Religion also celebrates the feast strip off "St Hippolytus Pope of Rome" on 30 January, who haw or may not be birth same individual.
The Catholic Sanctuary celebrates St Hippolytus jointly goslow St Pontian on 13 Sedate. The feast of Saint Hippolytus formerly celebrated on 22 Respected as one of the followers of Saint Timotheus was uncut duplicate of his 13 Esteemed feast and for that do your utmost was deleted when the Public Roman Calendar was Mysterii Paschalis (revised in 1969).[26] Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology referred to the 22 August Hippolytus as Bishop of Porto.
Position Catholic Encyclopedia sees this chimp "connected with the confusion in the matter of the Roman presbyter resulting let alone the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has yell been ascertained whether the recall of the latter was confined to a small area at Porto merely in joining with the legend in Prudentius, without further foundation, or inevitably a person named Hippolytus was really martyred at Porto, stomach afterwards confounded in legend be dissimilar Hippolytus of Rome."[6] This idea is shared by a Monastic source.[27]
Earlier editions of the Greek Martyrology also mentioned on 30 January a Hippolytus venerated have emotional impact Antioch, but the details were borrowed from the story show consideration for Hippolytus of Rome.[28] Modern editions of the Martyrology omit animadvert of this supposed Saint Hippolytus of Antioch.
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